The National Law Forum

“Do You Want Liability With That?” The NLRB McDonald’s Decision that could undermine the Franchise Business Model

On July 29, 2014 the National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”) General Counsel authorized NLRB Regional Directors to name McDonald’s Corp.as a joint employer in several complaints regarding worker rights at franchise-owned restaurants. Joint employer liability means that the non-employer (McDonald’s Corp.) can be held responsible for labor violations to the same extent as the worker’s “W-2” employer.

In the U.S., the overwhelming majority of the 14,000 McDonald’s restaurants are owned and operated by franchisees (as is the case with most other fast-food chains). The franchise model is predicated on the assumption that the franchisee is an independent contractor – not an employee of the franchisor. Generally, the franchisor owns a system for operating a business and agrees to license a bundle of intellectual property to the franchisee so long as on the franchisee adheres to prescribed operating standards and pays franchise fees. Franchisees have the freedom to make personnel decisions and control their operating costs.

Many third parties and pro-union advocates have long sought to hold franchisors responsible for the acts or omissions of franchisees – arguing that franchisors maintain strict control on day-to-day operations and regulate almost all aspects of a franchisee’s operations, from employee training to store design. Their argument is that the franchise model allows the corporations to control the parts of the business it cares about at its franchises, while escaping liability for labor and wage violations.

The NLRB has investigated 181 cases of unlawful labor practices at McDonald’s franchise restaurants since 2012. The NLRB has found sufficient merit in at least 43 cases. Heather Smedstad, senior vice president of human resources for McDonald’s USA, called the NLRB’s decision a “radical departure” and something that “should be a concern to businessmen and women across the country.” Indeed it is, but it is important to note that General Counsel’s decision is not the same as a binding NLRB ruling and that it will be a long time before this issue is resolved, as McDonald’s Corp. will no doubt appeal any rulings.

ARTICLE BY

Luke A. Wingfield

McBrayer, McGinnis, Leslie and Kirkland, PLLC

A Proactive Approach to Travel Risk Management

An improving economy and updated business practices have contributed to companies sending more employees than ever on international business trips and expatriate assignments. Rising travel risks, however, require employers to take proactive measures to ensure the health and safety of their traveling employees. Many organizations, however, fail to implement a company-wide travel risk management plan until it is too late – causing serious consequences that could easily have been avoided.

travel risk management

The most effective crisis planning requires company-wide education before employees take off for their destinations. Designing a well-executed response plan and holding mandatory training for both administrators and traveling employees will ensure that everyone understands both company protocol and their specific roles during an emergency situation.

Additionally, businesses must be aware that Duty of Care legislation has become an integral consideration for travel risk management plans, holding companies liable for the health and safety of their employees, extending to mobile and field employees as well. To fulfill their Duty of Care obligations, organizations should incorporate the following policies within their travel risk management plan:

A customized policy specific to the organization and the specific needs of traveling employees.

Clearly communicated protocols that are enforced to help educate and protect the safety and health of traveling employees.
Response plans and procedures for handling medical/health emergencies.

Proactive Resources for Your Traveling Employees

A travel risk management strategy can only be successful if your workforce is given the necessary resources well before travel occurs. An important part of any travel risk management strategy involves answering common questions employees may have regarding their upcoming travels. It’s also a good idea to provide them with follow-up information so they can be up-to-date.

Not only will a company-wide pro-active travel risk management plan empower employees with the information they need, but implementing such a plan can also help keep your company’s reputation and financial standing in check and prevent any liabilities against your business. The following resources can be useful as part of your overall travel risk management strategy:

Travel logistics such as hotel/meeting site location and reservations details, nearby pharmacies and medical clinics, and passport and/or visa arrangements. It is also crucial to share contact information in the event employees need help during an emergency – such as that of your travel assistance partner or internal emergency resources – and encourage them to add this information to their mobile phone contacts.
A medical overview is essential, especially if the host country requires visitors have documentation of specific vaccinations. Employees should understand and be up-to-date on all routine vaccinations (such as influenza, measles, and mumps). The CDC’s Travelers’ Health website has valuable information, such as worldwide health alerts, although a travel assistance partner can provide this information directly to your employees prior to travel. Additional insight your company can provide to traveling employees is information about health risks in their destination countries. This ensures employees are well aware of the quality of local food and drinking water as well as where to find quality medical care.

Also, since most health insurance plans do not cover members when they are traveling outside the U.S., businesses should purchase additional coverage. Even if their plans provide coverage outside the U.S., many health insurance policies aren’t able to mitigate all of the risks associated with business travel. It would only take one international medical evacuation (which can cost more than $100,000 from business hubs in Dubai, UAE to New York, or China to Texas) to make a serious impact, not just on your traveling employee but on your company as a whole.

A detailed synopsis of the destination’s political standing is crucial to keep your employees safe while traveling, as many regions of the world are experiencing political unrest and living under the very real threat of terrorism. It is important to ensure that your employee benefits package includes security coverage for employees traveling to high-risk areas.

Advance knowledge of the political status of a country will prepare employees should they face an unexpected issue abroad, as would these resources:

American embassies and consulates at the destination country, as well as the State Department’s emergency contact numbers.
Travel alerts, which provide information on risks to the security of U.S. citizens. Though usually short-term, these alerts must be taken seriously.
The State Department’s Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) is an extremely reliable resource that provides up-to-date location-specific security updates to any employee enrolled for the destination as well as information on the nearest U.S. Embassy. The enrollment will help U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. Consulate to be in contact with your traveler in the event of an emergency.

Keep in mind that it is not just traveling employees – but also the employers – who need to be prepared for a travel-related emergency. Planning ahead and implementing company-wide crisis management education allows your workforce to be fully aware of the guidelines and protocols. Successfully mitigating a crisis without any communication missteps can prevent a crisis from spiraling into disaster.

ARTICLE BY

Risk Management Magazine

Risk and Insurance Management Society, Inc. (RIMS)

Wisconsin – Don’t Forget to Take the Real Estate Developer’s Rights as Collateral

The long real estate recession is over, and thank goodness for that. New developments are sprouting up everywhere in response to pent-up demand. There are even condominium developments beginning or long-stalled condominium developments resuming, and it’s time for a reminder about taking collateral in these unique projects.

A condominium is purely a creature of statute. Chapter 703 of the Wisconsin Statutes, the Wisconsin Condominium Act, defines what rights are created when a developer, called a “Declarant,” records a condominium declaration which contains the magic language, “I hereby submit this land to the condominium form of ownership.”

As soon as that declaration, and its accompanying condominium plat, are recorded in the Register of Deed’s Office in the county where the land is located, they create condominium units, which are legally existing separate boxes of air, whether anything is physically built or not. Everything inside the boundaries of the land submitted to the declaration is either a unit, or a common element. Each unit can be separately owned and mortgaged, carries a separate real estate tax bill, and is capable of being assessed a lien for that unit’s share of the expenses of owning, maintaining, and insuring the common elements.

Under the Condominium Act, the Declarant can write into the Declaration, special rights reserved only to the Declarant, and to those the Declarant authorizes to specifically receive those rights, including the Declarant’s lender. These rights are very important, and taking a security interest in those rights can make a significant financial difference to a lender, should the lender need to foreclose those rights, or put them into a receivership. Those rights can include:

the right to expand the condominium into more land reserved as the “Expansion Land;”

the right to create more units in the condominium;

the right to avoid paying a full association assessment for each of the units, as long as it pays the associations’ costs above what other unit owners pay under the association budget;

the right to reconfigure the boundaries between units by combining units and separating units;

the right to control the condominium association until a sufficient number of the units in the condominium have been sold to unrelated third parties;

in some limited circumstances, the power to unilaterally amend the declaration; and

the right to declare easements over the common elements of the condominium.

The correct way for a lender to take a security interest in these Declarant rights is to take a collateral assignment of declarant’s rights, in a manner similar to an assignment of rents, which gives an immediate grant to the lender of these rights, with a limited license back to the Declarant to exercise these rights, as long as the Declarant is not in default.

ARTICLE BY

Nancy Leary Haggerty

Michael Best & Friedrich LLP

Back to School for Michigan Employers–Minimum Wage Increase

As the kiddies get ready to go back to school, employers too should freshen up on a few items that are about to change in Michigan, including the minimum wage. Back on May 28, we reported on this blog that Michigan had passed The Workforce Opportunity Wage Act, by which the minimum wage will increase from $7.40 to $9.25 per hour over the next four years. The first incremental increase takes effect on September 4, when the minimum wage will increase to $8.15 per hour. So, if you haven’t done so already, please mark September 4 on your calendar.

ARTICLE BY

Kelly Petrocelli

Barnes & Thornburg LLP

EEOC Signals Intent to Tighten Enforcement of Laws Prohibiting Pregnancy-Related Discrimination

Noting that it continues to see “a significant number of charges alleging pregnancy discrimination,” and that its “investigations have revealed the persistence of overt pregnancy discrimination, as well as the emergence of more subtle discriminatory practices,” the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) recently issued Enforcement Guidance on Pregnancy Discrimination and Related Issues (“Enforcement Guidance”). The full text of the Enforcement Guidance is available here.

The EEOC’s issuance of the Enforcement Guidance, which focuses primarily on the fundamental requirements of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (“PDA”), while also touching on the pregnancy-related protections provided under the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), sends a strong signal to employers that their employment decisions and policies will now be more intently scrutinized for actionable pregnancy discrimination.¹

The Enforcement Guidance focuses on the issue of equal access to benefits – in particular, to light duty, leave, and health insurance. With regard to light duty, employers may not treat employees whose capacity is limited by pregnancy, or a pregnancy-related condition, any differently than they do employees who are similarly limited, but for reasons unrelated to pregnancy.

As for leave, employers should be cognizant of the following. First, they may not force an employee to take leave because she is or has been pregnant, so long as she is able to perform her job. Second, the PDA mandates that employers permit women with pregnancy-related physical limitations to take leave on the same terms and conditions as employees who are similarly limited for other reasons. Finally, while leave related to pregnancy-related medical conditions will, necessarily, be limited to female employees, leave to bond with or care for a newborn must be extended to male and female employees on an equal basis.

With regard to health insurance, employers should note that an employer-provided health insurance benefit plan must cover pregnancy-related costs to the same extent it covers medical costs unrelated to pregnancy. This required symmetry of coverage must extend to costs stemming from an insured employee’s pre-existing pregnancy. Additionally, an employer may be in violation of the PDA if the health insurance it provides does not cover prescription contraceptives, regardless of whether the contraceptives are prescribed for birth control or for medical purposes. The Enforcement Guidance does not address whether, in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court’s Hobby Lobby decision, certain employers may be exempt from providing insurance coverage for contraceptives.

The guidance also addresses the obligations under the ADA to provide pregnant employees with reasonable accommodations to address pregnancy-related limitations. Such accommodations may include:

redistributing marginal or nonessential functions – such as occasional lifting – that a pregnant worker cannot perform;
modifying workplace policies, such as to afford a pregnant employee more frequent breaks;
- allowing a pregnant employee placed on bed rest to work remotely (where
  
  feasible); or
- granting leave to a pregnant employee in excess of what the employer typically provides under its sick leave policy.
  
  The final section of the Enforcement Guidance provides “best practices” that employers can utilize to reduce their exposure to pregnancy-related liability under the PDA and ADA. The EEOC suggests, as a general matter, that employers should:
- develop, disseminate and enforce a strong policy based on the requirements of the PDA and ADA;
- train managers and employees regularly about their rights and responsibilities related to pregnancy, childbirth, and related medical conditions;
- conduct employee surveys and review employment policies to identify and correct any policies or practices that may disadvantage women affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions, or that may perpetuate the effects of historical discrimination in the organization;
- respond to pregnancy discrimination complaints efficiently and effectively; and
protect applicants and employees from retaliation.

In light of the EEOC’s heightened emphasis on PDA and ADA enforcement, employers should consult counsel before undertaking employment actions that may implicate pregnancy-related protections under the PDA or ADA, and to evaluate whether revisions to existing employment policies are needed to limit exposure to pregnancy- related liability.

ARTICLE BY

Sills Cummis & Gross P.C.

Quarterly Whistleblower Award Update – August 21, 2014

Since our last quarterly update, the SEC’s Office of the Whistleblower (“OWB”) has issued four denial orders and three award orders. Here are some lessons learned from this activity:

The SEC Will Not Award Whistleblowers Who Provide Frivolous Information. The SEC determined that a claimant (who submitted “tips” relating to almost every single Notice of Covered Action”) was ineligible for awards because he/she “has knowingly and willfully made false, fictitious, or fraudulent statements and representations to the Commission over a course of years and continues to do so.” Under Rule 21F-8, persons are not eligible for an award if they “knowingly and willfully make any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation, or use any false writing or document knowing that it contains any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry with intent to mislead or otherwise hinder the Commission or another authority.” 17 C.F.R. § 240.21F-8(c)(7). The OWB found that a number of passages submitted by the claimant were patently false or fictitious and that the person had the requisite intent because of the (1) incredible nature of the statements, (2) continued submissions that lack any factual nexus to the overall actions, and (3) refusal to withdraw unsupported claims at the request of the OWB. (May 12, 2104.)
The SEC Will Enforce the Time Frames Set Forth in the Statue. The OWB denied two awards because the claimants did not submit an award claim within the 90-day period established by Rule 21F-10(b). The claimants argued that OWB should waive the 90-day period due to extraordinary circumstances. See 17 C.F.R. § 240.21F-8(a). The OWB determined that neither a lack of awareness that the information that the whistleblower had shared would lead to a successful enforcement action nor the lack of awareness that the Commission posted Notices of Covered Actions on its website constitutes an extraordinary circumstance to waive the timing requirement. See SEC Release No. 72178 (May 16, 2014) and SEC Release No. 72659 (July 23, 2014).
Whistleblowers are Not Eligible for an Award Unless the Information Leads to a Successful Enforcement Action. The OWB denied an award to a claimant because the provided information did not lead to a “successful enforcement by the Commission of a federal court or administrative action, as required by Rules 21F-3(a)(3) and 21F-4(c) of the Exchange Act.” OWB also noted that the claimant did not submit information in the form and manner required by Rules 21F-2(a)(2), 21F-8(a), and 21F-9(a) & (b) of the Exchange Act. See In the Matter of Harbinger Capital Partners, LLC, File No. 3-14928 (July 4, 2014).

The OWB Can Be Persuaded to Change Its Preliminary Determination. Although the OWB initially denied the whistleblower’s award claim on the basis that the information did not appear to have been voluntarily submitted within Rule 21F-4(a)(ii) because it was submitted in response to a prior inquiry conducted bya self-regulatory organization (“SRO”). In a Final Determination issued on July 31, 2014, however, the OWB determined that claimant was entitled to more than $400,000. OWB noted that a submission is voluntary if it is provided before a request, inquiry, or demand for information by the SEC in connection with an investigation by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, any self-regulatory organization, Congress, the federal government, or any state Attorney General.

On the basis of the unique circumstances of this case, the OWB decided to waive the voluntary requirement of Rule 21F-4(a) for this claimant. The SEC noted that the claimant “worked aggressively … to bring the securities law violations to the attention of appropriate personnel,” the SRO inquiry originated from information that in part described claimant’s role, claimant believed that the company had provided the SRO with all the materials that claimant developed during his/her own internal efforts, and claimant promptly reporting to the SEC that the company’s internal efforts as a result of the SRO inquiry would not protect investors from future harm. Sean McKessy, chief of the SEC’s Office of the Whistleblower, remarked that “[t]he whistleblower did everything feasible to correct the issue internally. When it became apparent that the company would not address the issue, the whistleblower came to the SEC in a final effort to correct the fraud and prevent investors from being harmed. This award recognizes the significance of the information that the whistleblower provided us and the balanced efforts made by the whistleblower to protect investors and report the violation internally.”See SEC Release No. 72727 (July 31, 2014); SEC Press Release, “SEC Announces Award for Whistleblower Who Reported Fraud to SEC After Company Failed to Address Issue Internally,” (July 31, 2014).

SEC Continues to Make Awards to Qualified Claimants. On June 3, 2014, the SEC awarded two claimants 15% each for a total of 30% percent of the monetary sanctions collected in the covered action. See SEC Release No. 72301 (June 3, 2014). On July 22, 2014, the SEC awarded three claimants 15%, 10%, and 5% respectively (for a total of 30%) of the monetary sanctions collected in the Covered Action. See SEC Release No. 72652 (July 22, 2014).

ARTICLE BY

William L. Carr

Daniel E. Brewer

Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP

IRS Ruling Creates Opportunities for Tax Savings by Companies With Substantial Real Estate Assets

On July 29, Windstream announced that it plans to spin off certain telecommunications network assets into an independent, publicly tradedreal estate investment trust (REIT). Windstream made the announcement after it obtained a favorable private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) regarding the tax-free nature of the spin-off and the qualification of the spun-off entity’s assets as real property for REIT purposes.

Under the transaction, Windstream will spin off its existing fiber and copper network, real estate, and other fixed assets into a publicly traded, independent REIT. The REIT’s primary activity will be to lease the use of the assets back to Windstream through a long-term “triple net” exclusive lease. Windstream shareholders will retain their existing shares and receive shares in the REIT commensurate with their Windstream ownership. The transaction is intended to effectively enable Windstream to deduct, for federal income tax purposes, the amount of rent paid to the REIT without a corresponding corporate level income tax inclusion in income by the REIT—estimated to generate up to a $650 million annual overall reduction in taxable income between Windstream and the REIT.

Particularly notable about this transaction is that the private letter ruling obtained by Windstream is seemingly an indication by the IRS that it will respect the tax-free transaction of a spin-off even when coupled with an election for REIT status. The fact that the ruling recognized transmission infrastructure (e.g., wires and cable), in addition to the related real estate, as qualifying assets for REIT purposes is also a key development. The IRS issued proposed regulations in May that provided more specific guidance on what types of assets would be considered “real property” for purposes of meeting the requirements for making a REIT election, and Windstream’s private letter ruling is among the first to address the issue in light of the new regulations.

These developments mean that a REIT spin-off transaction might be available to many kinds of businesses. Companies (other than master limited partnerships) with similar assets, such as telecommunications, cables, fiber optics, and data centers, may be wise to explore opportunities to realize substantial tax savings through a similar transaction. However, there are several challenges that must be overcome to execute a successful REIT spin-off transaction.

ARTICLE BY

Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP

Analog in a Digital World: Journalism and Blogs and Where to find Good Information

In an article profiling John R. MacArthur, the publisher of Harper’s Magazine, MacArthur is quoted as saying, “I’ve got nothing against people getting on their weblogs, on the Internet and blowing off steam. If they want to do that, that’s fine. But it doesn’t pass, in my opinion, for writing and journalism.” The article goes on to note that MacArthur is “analog in his habits” because he “prints out articles to read” and that “[h]is version of searching for [a fact] on Google was yelling to a staff member, who hurried to deliver the information.”

McArthur certainly expresses a sympathetic position. A 24-hour news cycle has contributed to an environment where airtime needs to be filled – recent examples of well-publicized overexposure include CNN’s coverage of the Malaysian Air disappearance or the Casey Anthony trial. And because anyone with an internet connection and a Twitter account can “break” news, there is a race to the bottom as to which organization can print the news first as opposed to which can report it most accurately. The inevitably incendiary rush to judgment after the report of a rumor reported as fact seems only to support MacArthur’s position.

But where MacArthur and I part ways is in our view of what blogs or “lighter” commentary may provide. Instead of web commentary offered as simply “blowing off steam,” the internet is more of a tray of samples. You can try a little of anything, and if you’d like more, then that’s available to you as well.

That’s really the beauty of the internet, right? You can critique Buzzfeed’s lists, but they are a quick read that provide you with the opportunity to read more – possibly even from a true “writing and journalism” source. I mean, no one would think to use this blog exclusively as a defense to criminal charges or as any sort of compliance manual. But ideally, it would help you spot issues or pique your interest so that you read more on a particular topic, consult with counsel, or find a way to improve your workplace.

I like to think about the internet like a newspaper with only headlines. I can get the gist of the story from the headline, and if I’m interested, I can read more. (Example: “Salmon Spawning in Seattle” will not encourage me to read further. But hit me with “Cowboys Sweep Eagles, Giants” and I’m 100 percent in.)

MacArthur and I simply diverge on this implied concept that analog habits are somehow better than digital habits. Perhaps it is the trial lawyer side of me, but I try to be open to ways in which you can convey information. People learn in a variety of different ways: some learn by hearing, some learn by seeing, some learn by doing. Some have longer attention spans; some give hummingbirds a run for their money. So the more ways that you can find to reach people, the better odds of success you have in conveying information that they can use.

And that’s the takeaway point here (yay!). Imagine if your organization disseminated a ten-page written policy on what to do if a federal agent knocks on the door. That’s some important information right there. Is everyone going to read and understand it? Unlikely, right? Too busy to get to it right now, will read it tomorrow, and so on? Yup, that’s the MacArthur way. It just doesn’t work by itself.

Okay, change it up. Skip the written policy and instead conduct a 10-minute training session covering the key facts. Have you taught everyone everything they need to know? Probably not, but you hit the high points. Even if a couple of folks dozing in the back of the room missed it. Right. That would be the Buzzfeed way. This doesn’t work by itself, either.

So instead, disseminate the policy to everyone, and you’ll capture the folks who learn by reading. And conduct your training session, and you’ll capture those folks who learn by listening. And then, as a bonus, rehearse the drill, so you capture those folks who learn by doing. It’s the last piece that most organizations miss, and thereby miss a huge opportunity to make sure their people understand the policies and that their policies actually work.

You can be analog like MacArthur or digital like Buzzfeed. But really effective communication is a blend of both … and just a touch more.

ARTICLE BY

Shamoil T. Shipchandler

Bracewell & Giuliani LLP

Register for the ABA Consumer Financial Services Basics 2014 – October 6-7, University of Maryland, Baltimore

The National Law Review is pleased to bring you information about the upcoming American Bar Association event, the 5th Annual Consumer Financial Services Basics 2014 conference.

This live meeting is designed to expose practitioners to key areas of consumer financial services law, whether you need a primer or a refresher. In the pressure cooker of today’s financial services industry, the breadth and complexity of the issues you are facing will dominate any seminar dissecting recent developments alone. It is time to take a step back and think through some of these complex issues with a faculty that combines decades of practical experience with law school analysis. The classroom approach is used to review the background, assess the current policy factors, step into the shoes of regulators, and develop an approach that can be used to interpret and evaluate the scores of laws and regulations that affect your clients.

The National Law Forum

“Do You Want Liability With That?” The NLRB McDonald’s Decision that could undermine the Franchise Business Model

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A Proactive Approach to Travel Risk Management

Proactive Resources for Your Traveling Employees

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Wisconsin – Don’t Forget to Take the Real Estate Developer’s Rights as Collateral

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Back to School for Michigan Employers–Minimum Wage Increase

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Quarterly Whistleblower Award Update – August 21, 2014

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IRS Ruling Creates Opportunities for Tax Savings by Companies With Substantial Real Estate Assets

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Register for the ABA Consumer Financial Services Basics 2014 – October 6-7, University of Maryland, Baltimore

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Proactive Resources for Your Traveling Employees

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