Tag: state tax

COVID-19 Update: Don’t Be a Target: What Business Should Know about State Attorney General Reactions to COVID-19

In any time of crisis, there is heightened risk for fraud and scams. While United States Attorney General Barr has warned of scams and other illegal acts on the federal level,1 it is with the state Attorneys General (“AGs”) where the rubber hits the road in enforcing social distancing orders, investigating companies for alleged price gouging, continuing ongoing investigations, and overseeing lending relief efforts. As the economy begins to reopen on a state-by-state and sector-by-sector basis, companies must be vigilant in protecting themselves from the next wave of scrutiny by state AGs.

During normal times, state AGs rely upon their state’s Consumer Protection Act and Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (UDAP) statutes to fight against perceived fraud. During the COVID-19 crisis, state AGs have taken the additional step of issuing Civil Investigative Demands, mostly focused on the issue of price gouging, or an instance in which a company allegedly inflates prices above a perceived acceptable level based not solely on supply and demand, but also on leveraging, in this case, the COVID-19 pandemic to the detriment of the consumer. Allegations of price gouging often appear during or immediately following natural disasters, an example of which would be heightened prices for essential products such as generators and flashlights in historically hard-hit areas such as Florida or New Orleans during the Atlantic hurricane season. In the current environment, state AGs across the country are each receiving literally hundreds of consumer complaints alleging that companies are similarly raising prices on necessities.2 Online platforms for third-party sellers are particularly vulnerable to state AGs in this environment, with most people sheltering in place and fulfilling the majority of their purchasing needs through online retail. In fact, 33 state AGs sent a letter to Amazon.com, Inc., Facebook, Inc., Craigslist, Inc. and eBay Inc. to request enhanced procedures to protect against price gouging on their respective platforms.3 Ironically, companies such as Facebook, Google, Navient, and others that have been targeted by state AGs, often on extremely flimsy legal grounds, are now being asked by those same regulators to continue their efforts to step up to assist in this pandemic. And those companies, and so many others, are doing just that.

However, there are indeed some bad actors. In one well-publicized example, two Tennessee men hoarded over 17,000 bottles of hand sanitizer with the intent to sell them for up to $70 per bottle and was immediately met by an expedited investigation by Tennessee AG Herbert Slatery.4 Other examples have abounded: Massachusetts AG Maura Healey unilaterally expanded her state’s price gouging regulations, which had previously been limited to gasoline and petroleum products, to include “all goods or services necessary for the health, safety or welfare of the public”;5 New York AG Letitia James sent cease and desist letters to merchants that were allegedly engaging in price gouging related to the sale of hand sanitizer and disinfectant;6 New Jersey AG Gurbir Grewal has sent over 80 cease and desist letters after receiving more than 600 complaints of COVID-19-related price gouging and other related consumer protection violations;7 Florida AG Ashley Moody activated a “Price gouging Hotline” and opened an investigation into third-party sellers accused of price gouging on essential goods through accounts on Amazon;8 and finally, 20 state AGs have implored 3M Company to create a database and accounting of the distribution and pricing of 3M’s N95 respirator masks, including urging 3M to publish its policies prohibiting price gouging.

Businesses that remain open should be mindful of the additional steps taken to ensure compliance with social distancing regulations. For example, Vermont AG T.J. Donovan issued a directive for law enforcement outlining guidance for the enforcement of the state’s COVID-19 Executive Order that, among other things, extended authority to the state Department of Public Safety to inspect the premises and records of any employer to ensure compliance with the Executive Order.9 Other state AGs are enforcing their states’ Executive Orders with similar diligence: New York AG James ordered over 70 medical transportation companies to stop providing group rides;10 Michigan AG Dana Nessel sent a letter to home improvement store Menards in the wake of reports that the retailer had engaged in business practices that would endanger consumers and employees contrary to the Executive Order issued by Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer;11 and Delaware law enforcement officials even issued cease and desist orders to a barber shop and a tobacco shop.12

As the economy begins to incrementally ‘reopen’ in the weeks and months to come, companies should document every step taken to protect their customers and employees as well as the rationale underlying those measures. The far-reaching effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are unlikely to subside until a vaccine becomes publicly available. Thus, state AGs are likely to continue to probe companies aggressively about safety measures taken to protect their customers and employees; adherence to government policies and interpretative guidance; their definition of essential employees; and whether the company contributed to the spread of the virus.

State AGs are the top law enforcement officers in their states and will continue to act to protect their citizens during, and long after, the COVID-19 crisis is over. Industry should be on the lookout for measures taken by state AGs to identify and prosecute fraud and perceived price gouging during the COVID-19 pandemic, and should comply with laws and Executive Orders as diligently as possible. What constitutes the requisite compliance with social distancing – both now and as the economy begins to reopen – and what constitutes an essential service are often somewhat subjective and may require the consult of counsel. Cadwalader’s state AG practice is regularly in close communication with state AG offices and is well-positioned to provide guidance to clients that may be in receipt of an inquiry from a state AG, and we stand ready to continue to assist clients as they navigate the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic.

1   https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-william-p-barr-urges-american-public-report-covid-19-fraud

2 https://www.cadwalader.com/state-attorney-general-insider/index.php?nid=6&eid=34

3  https://www.attorneygeneral.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/03_25_2020_Multistate-letter.pdf

4   On April 21, 2020, Tennessee AG Slatery announced that a settlement had been reached with the two men to resolve allegations of price gouging; all supplies were surrendered to a nonprofit organization in Tennessee and a portion of the supplies were distributed to officials in Kentucky, and the two men were prohibited from selling emergency or medical supplies grossly in excess of the price generally charged during any declared state of abnormal economic disruption related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

5  https://www.mass.gov/news/ag-healey-issues-emergency-regulation-prohibiting-price gouging-of-critical-goods-and-services

6  https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2020/ag-james-price gouging-will-not-be-tolerated

7  https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov/News/Pages/03172020.aspx

8   http://www.myfloridalegal.com/newsrel.nsf/newsreleases/A32615BF3942B33E8525854300514289?Open&

9  https://www.attorneygeneral.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/03_25_2020_Multistate-letter.pdf

10  https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2020/attorney-general-james-orders-78-transport-providers-immediately-stop-endangering

11  https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98158-523976–,00.html

12 https://www.delawarepublic.org/post/delaware-flagging-non-essential-businesses-open-during-shutdown

© Copyright 2020 Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft LLP

For more on AG’s Enforcement Activities around COVID-19 Fraud see the National Law Review Coronavirus News section.

January 2016 Tax Credits & Incentives Update

tax man liftingwiderHMB Tip of the Month:  As provided in two of the cases highlighted in this monthly update, a taxpayer that meets all of the criteria of a statutory tax credit (in which funding is available) may be successful in court when it faces a challenge to its eligibility to the credit from the jurisdiction that administers the credit.  If a taxpayer faces such a challenge and the denial of the credit is material to the taxpayer, a taxpayer should explore its options with a trusted consultant.

Recent Announcements of Credit/Incentives Applications and Packages

Massachusetts– Global business giant General Electric Co. announced January 13 that it is relocating its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to Massachusetts as part of a deal that includes a $145 million state and local tax incentive package.  GE will begin relocating its Fairfield, Connecticut, corporate headquarters to Boston this summer and expects to complete the move by 2018.

Connecticut’s Governor Malloy offered an incentive package to GE in August 2015, but it apparently was not enough to persuade the company to stay.  The move will bring 800 jobs to Boston, specifically to the Seaport District.  Massachusetts offered up to $120 million through state grants and other programs, and the city offered up to $25 million in property tax relief.

Additional incentives include $1 million in grants for workforce training; up to $5 million for an innovation center to forge connections between GE, research institutions, and the higher education community; commitment to existing local transportation improvements in the Seaport District; appointment of a joint relocation team to ease the transition for employees moving to Boston; and assistance for eligible employees looking to buy homes in Boston.

Legislative, Regulative and Gubernatorial Update

Alaska- Alaska Governor Walker released legislation (HB 246 and HB 247) on January 19 detailing his proposal to end many of the state’s oil tax credits and establish a low-interest loan program to support exploration and production.  Jerry Burnett, deputy commissioner of the Alaska Department of Revenue, said current oil prices and production levels have forced a reconsideration of how the state encourages oil industry investment. “We can end up paying 55 to 65 percent of the project during development and 85 percent of exploration [costs],” he said. “It’s a fairly generous program. It seemed like a good idea when oil was $100 a barrel.”  With oil prices currently at around $27 per barrel, the Walker administration wants to pivot away from tax credits — many of which the state repurchases from companies — and instead focus on creating a loan program to back companies developing petroleum resources.

Illinois–   Several bills were introduced in the Illinois House on January 27.

HB 4545 creates the Manufacturing Job Destination Tax Credit Act and amends the Illinois Income Tax Act. It provides for a credit of 25% of the Illinois labor expenditures made by a manufacturing company in order to foster job creation and retention in Illinois. The Department of Revenue is authorized to award a tax credit to taxpayer-employers who apply for the credit and meet the certain Illinois labor expenditure requirements. The bill sets minimum requirements and procedures for certifying a taxpayer as an “accredited manufacturer” and for awarding the credit.

HB 4544 would amend the Illinois Income Tax Act to authorize a credit to taxpayers for 10% of stipends or salaries paid to qualified college interns. The credit is limited to stipends and salaries paid to 5 interns each year, and limits total credits to $3,000 for all years combined. The bill provides that the credit may not reduce the taxpayer’s liability to less than zero and may not be carried forward or back.

Finally, HB 4546 would amend the Service Occupation Tax Act and the Retailers’ Occupation Tax Act to provide that, by March 1, 2017, and by March 1 of each year thereafter, each business located in an enterprise zone may apply with the Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity for a rebate in an amount not to exceed 1% of the amount of tax paid by the business under the Acts during the previous calendar year for the purchase of tangible personal property from a retailer or serviceman located in Illinois. The legislation provides that the Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity shall pay the rebates from moneys appropriated for that purpose.

Indiana– SB 125 introduced on January 5 would resurrect a program that has struggled to maintain political support since it was proposed in 2005. The bill would allow a refundable credit for qualified in-state production expenditures of at least $50,000. The program would be open to producers of films, television programs, audio recordings and music videos, advertisements, and other media for marketing or commercial use. It excludes obscene content and television coverage of news and athletic events.

For expenditures of less than $6 million, the credit would be equal to 35 percent of those expenses, or 40 percent of expenditures in an economically distressed location. For qualified production expenditures of at least $6 million, the Indiana Economic Development Corporation would be tasked with setting the credit level, which could not exceed 15 percent. Those credits would also need to be preapproved by the agency.

The bill takes a broad approach to defining expenditures but excludes wages, salaries, and benefits paid to directors, producers, screenwriters, and actors who do not live in Indiana. The program would be capped at $2.5 million annually and sunset at the end of 2019. It also includes clawback provisions preventing taxpayers from claiming unused credits and requiring them to repay any credits that have already been claimed if they fail to satisfy the bill’s conditions.

Maryland- On January 27, Maryland Governor Hogan proposed a series of education-focused legislative proposals including an education tax credit. The proposed tax credit would be provided to private citizens, businesses, and nonprofits that make donations to public and non-public schools to support basic education needs such as books, supplies, technology, academic tutoring, tuition assistance, and special needs services. The credit would also target the promotion of pre-K programs and enrollment. The credit would be awarded through the Department of Commerce with the total level of credits phased in over three years to $15 million in fiscal year 2018.

Massachusetts– On January 27, Massachusetts Governor introduced legislation (H 3978) which would restore the film tax credit to the structure when the credit was introduced in 2005 and use the revenue generated to increase the annual cap on the low-income housing tax credit by $5 million, and to phase-in over four years the use of single-factor apportionment for all corporate taxpayers who do business in more than one state.

New Jersey– Governor Christie conditionally vetoed on January 11 two Senate bills that would have renewed the recently expired film tax credit program.  The vetoed Senate bills, S 779 and S 1952, would have renewed the recently expired film tax credit program, funding the program at $60 million annually for seven years.  The film tax credit program that expired in 2015 allowed production companies to claim up to a 20 percent tax credit on expenses.

In his veto message, Christie called the bills expensive and said they offer “a dubious return for the State in the form of jobs and economic impact, and that I believe we should consider, if at all, during the upcoming budget negotiation process.”

Senate Democrats issued a joint statement claiming that Christie supports tax credits for big companies “but when it comes to an industry that helps small local businesses he looks the other way.” The senators said that by not reauthorizing the film tax credit program, Christie is starving the film industry in New Jersey and making the state uncompetitive with neighboring states.

New Jersey– L. 2016, S2880, effective 01/19/2016, provides up to $25 million in Economic Redevelopment and Growth Grant (ERG) tax credits to Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, for eligible projects including buildings and structures, open space with improvements, and transportation facilities. The law also raises the ERG program cap from $600 million to $625 million.

New Jersey– L. 2016, S3182, effective 01/19/2016, permits a 2-year extension for a developer of a “qualified residential project” or “qualified business facility” to submit documentation to the New Jersey Economic Development Authority supporting its credit amount under the Urban Transit Hub Tax Credit program. The law also provides an additional two years for developers to submit information on the credit amount certified for any tax period, the failure of which subjects the amount to forfeiture. In addition, the law permits a one-year extension for a developer of a qualified residential project to submit documentation of having received a temporary certificate of occupancy to receive tax credits under the Economic Redevelopment and Growth Grant program. The deadline for a business to submit documentation that it met the capital investment and employment requirements under the Grow New Jersey Assistance Program (for a credit applications made before July 1, 2014), is extended to July 28, 2018.

New Jersey– L. 2016, S3232, effective 01/11/2016, allows certain businesses that have previously been approved for a grant under the Business Employment Incentive Program (BEIP) to direct the New Jersey Economic Development Authority to convert the grant to a tax credit. The law provides an alternative means to satisfy the backlog of unpaid grant obligations, approved before the phase out of the BEIP, due to fiscal constraints. Requests to convert grants to tax credits must be made within 180 days of the law’s enactment. The law also establishes a priority for issuing the tax credits favoring older outstanding grant obligations.

Virginia– The Virginia Department of Historic Resources has amended regulations 17 VAC §§ 10‐30‐10 through 10‐30‐160, effective February 10, 2016. The numerous amendments relating to the historic rehabilitation tax credit include the requirement to provide certain information on the “Evaluation of Significance” on the Historic Preservation Certification Application. The requirement for an independent audit reporting and review procedures is increased to $500,000 or greater, and for projects with rehabilitation expenses of less than $500,000 an agreed upon procedures engagement report by an independent accountant must be used. The fee structure for processing rehabilitation certification requests has been revised, and the fees charged by the Department for reviewing rehabilitation certification requests have also been increased. The entitlement to the credit has been changed from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2003; consequently, the section on projects begun before 1997 has been updated to reflect the new 2003 date. The amendments also added or modified certain definitions.

Washington– With the backing of unions, HB 2638 was introduced on January 18 which would require Boeing to keep its in-state employment levels near a 2013 baseline for the company to claim the full value of a reduced business and occupation (B&O) tax rate and the B&O tax credit for aerospace product expenditures.

The legislation, similar to the failed HB 2147 from 2015, is a reaction to what labor and other critics say is the loss of thousands of Boeing jobs in Washington since lawmakers in 2013 extended the aerospace industry tax incentives from 2024 to 2040.

HB 2147 was reintroduced in this session, but HB 2638 is the proposal proponents intend to pursue this year. HB 2638 would set a baseline of 83,295 in-state employees, roughly the same as the company’s 2013 Washington workforce. After Boeing’s workforce falls 4,000 below that level — which has already happened — the value of the tax incentives would be cut in half. If Boeing’s workforce falls to 5,000 fewer than the baseline, the company would pay normal B&O tax rates and lose the ability to claim the tax credit.  HB 2638 is less incremental than HB 2147, which would have increased the B&O tax rate closer to normal by 2.5 percent for every 250 employees below the baseline.

Case Law

California– In a case in which Ryan U.S. Tax Services, LLC (Ryan), a tax advisory and site selection firm, challenged the validity of a regulation concerning contingent fee practitioners advising taxpayers who submit applications for the California Competes Tax Credit, the California Superior Court, Sacramento County, has said that it will grant Ryan’s petition and request for declaratory relief. Cal. Rev. & Tax. Cd. § 17059.2 and Cal. Rev. & Tax. Cd. § 23689 (sometimes hereinafter referred to as the statutes) each set forth 11 factors on which the Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development (GO-Biz) is to allocate the credit.  GO-Biz also adopted regulations to implement the credit program, including the application process for tax credit allocation. Cal. Code Regs. 10 § 8030(b)(10) requires applicants for tax credits to provide certain information on the tax form, including the name of any consultant providing services related to the credit application, the consultant’s fee structure and cost of services, and whether payment to the consultant is influenced by whether a credit is awarded.

Moreover, Cal. Code Regs. 10 § 8030(g)(2)(H) provides that GO-Biz will evaluate any other information requested in the application, including but not limited to the reasonableness of the fee arrangement between the applicant and any consultant and it further provides that any contingent fee arrangement must result in a fee that is no more than a reasonable hourly rate for services. Ryan contended, among other things, that the regulation is inconsistent with the statutes because it expands the qualifications for tax credit applicants, that is, it adds to the exclusive list of 11 qualifying factors in the statutes a new factor, the amount of consultant fees paid by tax credit applicants. GO-Biz argued that the legislature delegated to it broad authority to fill in the details of the tax credit program, and while the statutes do not explicitly list consultant fees as a consideration, they fall within the scope of the factor that authorizes GO-Biz to consider the extent to which the anticipated tax benefit to the state exceeds the projected benefit to the taxpayer from the tax credit (Cal. Rev. & Tax. Cd. § 17059.2(a)(2)(K); Cal. Rev. & Tax. Cd. § 23689(a)(2)(K)) by ensuring that tax credits are used for job creation and are not unnecessarily diverted to unreasonable consultant fees.

The court agreed with Ryan that the regulation was invalid. Limiting consultant fees does not preserve tax credits or ensure that tax credits will be used to create new, good-paying jobs. The statutes provide the 11 factors to be used in allocating credits. The cost of a consultant’s services is a matter between the taxpayer and the consultant. Even if the statutes are construed as allowing GO-Biz to consider whether consultant fee arrangements are reasonable, the court found that the regulation’s de facto ban on contingent fee arrangements to be arbitrary and not reasonably necessary to carry out the purposes of the statutes because it effectively disqualifies businesses that have contingent fee arrangements with their consultants from receiving the credit. The court will enter judgment in the case after a formal judgment is prepared, approved, and signed. (Ryan U.S. Tax Services, LLC v. State of California, Cal. Super. Ct. (Sacramento County), Dkt. No. 34-2014-00167988, 01/07/2016.)

Kansas– The Kansas Department of Revenue ruled that a third party cannot furnish electric service or enter into a solar power purchase agreement (PPA) with a Kansas homeowner, as the Retail Electric Suppliers Act (RESA) prohibits the furnishing of electric service by any person or company other than the certified public utility for a particular territory, and so it was moot whether the charges a non-utility billed to a Kansas customer were taxable. The Department declined to speculate about the potential answer should the Kansas Legislature sometime authorize non-utilities to enter into PPAs, but the company was encouraged to resubmit the question if it is not directly answered by the legislation should such PPA agreements be legalized. (Kansas Opinion Letter No. O-2016-001, , 01/25/2016 .)

Kentucky– The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky has ruled that a Noah’s Ark-themed tourist attraction cannot be denied sales tax incentives by Kentucky on grounds that the project advanced religion in violation of First Amendment protection from state establishment of religion. The Court found that the religious-based theme park met the neutral criteria for the tax incentives and, therefore, the state could not deny the incentives for Establishment Clause reasons. In addition, in denying the tax incentives, the state violated the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. Consequently, the Court enjoined the state of Kentucky and its Tourism, Arts, and Heritage Cabinet from applying the Tourism Development Act in a way that excludes Ark Encounter from the program based on its religious purpose and message or based on its desire to utilize any exception in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act for which it qualifies concerning the hiring of its personnel.Ark Encounter, LLC, et al. v. Parkinson, et al., U.S. Dist. Ct. (E.D. KY), Dkt. No. 15-13-GFVT, 01/25/2016.

Article By Jennifer Zimmerman of Horwood Marcus & Berk Chartered
© Horwood Marcus & Berk Chartered 2016. All Rights Reserved.

January 2016 Tax Credits & Incentives Update

tax man liftingwiderHMB Tip of the Month:  As provided in two of the cases highlighted in this monthly update, a taxpayer that meets all of the criteria of a statutory tax credit (in which funding is available) may be successful in court when it faces a challenge to its eligibility to the credit from the jurisdiction that administers the credit.  If a taxpayer faces such a challenge and the denial of the credit is material to the taxpayer, a taxpayer should explore its options with a trusted consultant.

Recent Announcements of Credit/Incentives Applications and Packages

Massachusetts– Global business giant General Electric Co. announced January 13 that it is relocating its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to Massachusetts as part of a deal that includes a $145 million state and local tax incentive package.  GE will begin relocating its Fairfield, Connecticut, corporate headquarters to Boston this summer and expects to complete the move by 2018.

Connecticut’s Governor Malloy offered an incentive package to GE in August 2015, but it apparently was not enough to persuade the company to stay.  The move will bring 800 jobs to Boston, specifically to the Seaport District.  Massachusetts offered up to $120 million through state grants and other programs, and the city offered up to $25 million in property tax relief.

Additional incentives include $1 million in grants for workforce training; up to $5 million for an innovation center to forge connections between GE, research institutions, and the higher education community; commitment to existing local transportation improvements in the Seaport District; appointment of a joint relocation team to ease the transition for employees moving to Boston; and assistance for eligible employees looking to buy homes in Boston.

Legislative, Regulative and Gubernatorial Update

Alaska- Alaska Governor Walker released legislation (HB 246 and HB 247) on January 19 detailing his proposal to end many of the state’s oil tax credits and establish a low-interest loan program to support exploration and production.  Jerry Burnett, deputy commissioner of the Alaska Department of Revenue, said current oil prices and production levels have forced a reconsideration of how the state encourages oil industry investment. “We can end up paying 55 to 65 percent of the project during development and 85 percent of exploration [costs],” he said. “It’s a fairly generous program. It seemed like a good idea when oil was $100 a barrel.”  With oil prices currently at around $27 per barrel, the Walker administration wants to pivot away from tax credits — many of which the state repurchases from companies — and instead focus on creating a loan program to back companies developing petroleum resources.

Illinois–   Several bills were introduced in the Illinois House on January 27.

HB 4545 creates the Manufacturing Job Destination Tax Credit Act and amends the Illinois Income Tax Act. It provides for a credit of 25% of the Illinois labor expenditures made by a manufacturing company in order to foster job creation and retention in Illinois. The Department of Revenue is authorized to award a tax credit to taxpayer-employers who apply for the credit and meet the certain Illinois labor expenditure requirements. The bill sets minimum requirements and procedures for certifying a taxpayer as an “accredited manufacturer” and for awarding the credit.

HB 4544 would amend the Illinois Income Tax Act to authorize a credit to taxpayers for 10% of stipends or salaries paid to qualified college interns. The credit is limited to stipends and salaries paid to 5 interns each year, and limits total credits to $3,000 for all years combined. The bill provides that the credit may not reduce the taxpayer’s liability to less than zero and may not be carried forward or back.

Finally, HB 4546 would amend the Service Occupation Tax Act and the Retailers’ Occupation Tax Act to provide that, by March 1, 2017, and by March 1 of each year thereafter, each business located in an enterprise zone may apply with the Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity for a rebate in an amount not to exceed 1% of the amount of tax paid by the business under the Acts during the previous calendar year for the purchase of tangible personal property from a retailer or serviceman located in Illinois. The legislation provides that the Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity shall pay the rebates from moneys appropriated for that purpose.

Indiana– SB 125 introduced on January 5 would resurrect a program that has struggled to maintain political support since it was proposed in 2005. The bill would allow a refundable credit for qualified in-state production expenditures of at least $50,000. The program would be open to producers of films, television programs, audio recordings and music videos, advertisements, and other media for marketing or commercial use. It excludes obscene content and television coverage of news and athletic events.

For expenditures of less than $6 million, the credit would be equal to 35 percent of those expenses, or 40 percent of expenditures in an economically distressed location. For qualified production expenditures of at least $6 million, the Indiana Economic Development Corporation would be tasked with setting the credit level, which could not exceed 15 percent. Those credits would also need to be preapproved by the agency.

The bill takes a broad approach to defining expenditures but excludes wages, salaries, and benefits paid to directors, producers, screenwriters, and actors who do not live in Indiana. The program would be capped at $2.5 million annually and sunset at the end of 2019. It also includes clawback provisions preventing taxpayers from claiming unused credits and requiring them to repay any credits that have already been claimed if they fail to satisfy the bill’s conditions.

Maryland- On January 27, Maryland Governor Hogan proposed a series of education-focused legislative proposals including an education tax credit. The proposed tax credit would be provided to private citizens, businesses, and nonprofits that make donations to public and non-public schools to support basic education needs such as books, supplies, technology, academic tutoring, tuition assistance, and special needs services. The credit would also target the promotion of pre-K programs and enrollment. The credit would be awarded through the Department of Commerce with the total level of credits phased in over three years to $15 million in fiscal year 2018.

Massachusetts– On January 27, Massachusetts Governor introduced legislation (H 3978) which would restore the film tax credit to the structure when the credit was introduced in 2005 and use the revenue generated to increase the annual cap on the low-income housing tax credit by $5 million, and to phase-in over four years the use of single-factor apportionment for all corporate taxpayers who do business in more than one state.

New Jersey– Governor Christie conditionally vetoed on January 11 two Senate bills that would have renewed the recently expired film tax credit program.  The vetoed Senate bills, S 779 and S 1952, would have renewed the recently expired film tax credit program, funding the program at $60 million annually for seven years.  The film tax credit program that expired in 2015 allowed production companies to claim up to a 20 percent tax credit on expenses.

In his veto message, Christie called the bills expensive and said they offer “a dubious return for the State in the form of jobs and economic impact, and that I believe we should consider, if at all, during the upcoming budget negotiation process.”

Senate Democrats issued a joint statement claiming that Christie supports tax credits for big companies “but when it comes to an industry that helps small local businesses he looks the other way.” The senators said that by not reauthorizing the film tax credit program, Christie is starving the film industry in New Jersey and making the state uncompetitive with neighboring states.

New Jersey– L. 2016, S2880, effective 01/19/2016, provides up to $25 million in Economic Redevelopment and Growth Grant (ERG) tax credits to Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, for eligible projects including buildings and structures, open space with improvements, and transportation facilities. The law also raises the ERG program cap from $600 million to $625 million.

New Jersey– L. 2016, S3182, effective 01/19/2016, permits a 2-year extension for a developer of a “qualified residential project” or “qualified business facility” to submit documentation to the New Jersey Economic Development Authority supporting its credit amount under the Urban Transit Hub Tax Credit program. The law also provides an additional two years for developers to submit information on the credit amount certified for any tax period, the failure of which subjects the amount to forfeiture. In addition, the law permits a one-year extension for a developer of a qualified residential project to submit documentation of having received a temporary certificate of occupancy to receive tax credits under the Economic Redevelopment and Growth Grant program. The deadline for a business to submit documentation that it met the capital investment and employment requirements under the Grow New Jersey Assistance Program (for a credit applications made before July 1, 2014), is extended to July 28, 2018.

New Jersey– L. 2016, S3232, effective 01/11/2016, allows certain businesses that have previously been approved for a grant under the Business Employment Incentive Program (BEIP) to direct the New Jersey Economic Development Authority to convert the grant to a tax credit. The law provides an alternative means to satisfy the backlog of unpaid grant obligations, approved before the phase out of the BEIP, due to fiscal constraints. Requests to convert grants to tax credits must be made within 180 days of the law’s enactment. The law also establishes a priority for issuing the tax credits favoring older outstanding grant obligations.

Virginia– The Virginia Department of Historic Resources has amended regulations 17 VAC §§ 10‐30‐10 through 10‐30‐160, effective February 10, 2016. The numerous amendments relating to the historic rehabilitation tax credit include the requirement to provide certain information on the “Evaluation of Significance” on the Historic Preservation Certification Application. The requirement for an independent audit reporting and review procedures is increased to $500,000 or greater, and for projects with rehabilitation expenses of less than $500,000 an agreed upon procedures engagement report by an independent accountant must be used. The fee structure for processing rehabilitation certification requests has been revised, and the fees charged by the Department for reviewing rehabilitation certification requests have also been increased. The entitlement to the credit has been changed from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2003; consequently, the section on projects begun before 1997 has been updated to reflect the new 2003 date. The amendments also added or modified certain definitions.

Washington– With the backing of unions, HB 2638 was introduced on January 18 which would require Boeing to keep its in-state employment levels near a 2013 baseline for the company to claim the full value of a reduced business and occupation (B&O) tax rate and the B&O tax credit for aerospace product expenditures.

The legislation, similar to the failed HB 2147 from 2015, is a reaction to what labor and other critics say is the loss of thousands of Boeing jobs in Washington since lawmakers in 2013 extended the aerospace industry tax incentives from 2024 to 2040.

HB 2147 was reintroduced in this session, but HB 2638 is the proposal proponents intend to pursue this year. HB 2638 would set a baseline of 83,295 in-state employees, roughly the same as the company’s 2013 Washington workforce. After Boeing’s workforce falls 4,000 below that level — which has already happened — the value of the tax incentives would be cut in half. If Boeing’s workforce falls to 5,000 fewer than the baseline, the company would pay normal B&O tax rates and lose the ability to claim the tax credit.  HB 2638 is less incremental than HB 2147, which would have increased the B&O tax rate closer to normal by 2.5 percent for every 250 employees below the baseline.

Case Law

California– In a case in which Ryan U.S. Tax Services, LLC (Ryan), a tax advisory and site selection firm, challenged the validity of a regulation concerning contingent fee practitioners advising taxpayers who submit applications for the California Competes Tax Credit, the California Superior Court, Sacramento County, has said that it will grant Ryan’s petition and request for declaratory relief. Cal. Rev. & Tax. Cd. § 17059.2 and Cal. Rev. & Tax. Cd. § 23689 (sometimes hereinafter referred to as the statutes) each set forth 11 factors on which the Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development (GO-Biz) is to allocate the credit.  GO-Biz also adopted regulations to implement the credit program, including the application process for tax credit allocation. Cal. Code Regs. 10 § 8030(b)(10) requires applicants for tax credits to provide certain information on the tax form, including the name of any consultant providing services related to the credit application, the consultant’s fee structure and cost of services, and whether payment to the consultant is influenced by whether a credit is awarded.

Moreover, Cal. Code Regs. 10 § 8030(g)(2)(H) provides that GO-Biz will evaluate any other information requested in the application, including but not limited to the reasonableness of the fee arrangement between the applicant and any consultant and it further provides that any contingent fee arrangement must result in a fee that is no more than a reasonable hourly rate for services. Ryan contended, among other things, that the regulation is inconsistent with the statutes because it expands the qualifications for tax credit applicants, that is, it adds to the exclusive list of 11 qualifying factors in the statutes a new factor, the amount of consultant fees paid by tax credit applicants. GO-Biz argued that the legislature delegated to it broad authority to fill in the details of the tax credit program, and while the statutes do not explicitly list consultant fees as a consideration, they fall within the scope of the factor that authorizes GO-Biz to consider the extent to which the anticipated tax benefit to the state exceeds the projected benefit to the taxpayer from the tax credit (Cal. Rev. & Tax. Cd. § 17059.2(a)(2)(K); Cal. Rev. & Tax. Cd. § 23689(a)(2)(K)) by ensuring that tax credits are used for job creation and are not unnecessarily diverted to unreasonable consultant fees.

The court agreed with Ryan that the regulation was invalid. Limiting consultant fees does not preserve tax credits or ensure that tax credits will be used to create new, good-paying jobs. The statutes provide the 11 factors to be used in allocating credits. The cost of a consultant’s services is a matter between the taxpayer and the consultant. Even if the statutes are construed as allowing GO-Biz to consider whether consultant fee arrangements are reasonable, the court found that the regulation’s de facto ban on contingent fee arrangements to be arbitrary and not reasonably necessary to carry out the purposes of the statutes because it effectively disqualifies businesses that have contingent fee arrangements with their consultants from receiving the credit. The court will enter judgment in the case after a formal judgment is prepared, approved, and signed. (Ryan U.S. Tax Services, LLC v. State of California, Cal. Super. Ct. (Sacramento County), Dkt. No. 34-2014-00167988, 01/07/2016.)

Kansas– The Kansas Department of Revenue ruled that a third party cannot furnish electric service or enter into a solar power purchase agreement (PPA) with a Kansas homeowner, as the Retail Electric Suppliers Act (RESA) prohibits the furnishing of electric service by any person or company other than the certified public utility for a particular territory, and so it was moot whether the charges a non-utility billed to a Kansas customer were taxable. The Department declined to speculate about the potential answer should the Kansas Legislature sometime authorize non-utilities to enter into PPAs, but the company was encouraged to resubmit the question if it is not directly answered by the legislation should such PPA agreements be legalized. (Kansas Opinion Letter No. O-2016-001, , 01/25/2016 .)

Kentucky– The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky has ruled that a Noah’s Ark-themed tourist attraction cannot be denied sales tax incentives by Kentucky on grounds that the project advanced religion in violation of First Amendment protection from state establishment of religion. The Court found that the religious-based theme park met the neutral criteria for the tax incentives and, therefore, the state could not deny the incentives for Establishment Clause reasons. In addition, in denying the tax incentives, the state violated the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. Consequently, the Court enjoined the state of Kentucky and its Tourism, Arts, and Heritage Cabinet from applying the Tourism Development Act in a way that excludes Ark Encounter from the program based on its religious purpose and message or based on its desire to utilize any exception in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act for which it qualifies concerning the hiring of its personnel.Ark Encounter, LLC, et al. v. Parkinson, et al., U.S. Dist. Ct. (E.D. KY), Dkt. No. 15-13-GFVT, 01/25/2016.

Article By Jennifer Zimmerman of Horwood Marcus & Berk Chartered
© Horwood Marcus & Berk Chartered 2016. All Rights Reserved.

February 2015 State Tax Credit and Incentive Update

Horwood Marcus & Berk Chartered Law Firm

This is the second in a monthly series outlining updates in state tax credits and incentives, including legislative, gubernatorial and case law updates. While we recognize that tax credits and incentives are often criticized by some tax policy experts, they are a reality in today’s competitive business environment with states competing with each other for jobs and investment. The good news for both corporate taxpayers and non-profit entities is that state tax credits and incentives are available and can benefit a business in many ways.

Recent Announcements of Credit/Incentives Applications and Packages

Arizona: Just three weeks after Apple Inc. announced plans to invest $2 billion over 10 years to open a data center in Arizona, on February 25, 2015, the Arizona Legislature passed a bill (HB 2670) that would grant millions of dollars in business tax incentives to Apple. Under the bill, international operations centers, such as the 1.3-million-square-foot digital command center Apple plans to build in Mesa, would be eligible for a renewable energy tax credit worth up to $5 million. The credit could be used for up to five years.  HB 2670 would also exempt international operations centers from the transaction privilege tax, an annual tax break of $1.2 million, according to the bill.

A company would be required to make a total of $1.25 billion in capital investments over 10 years, including the cost of land, buildings, and equipment. The company would also be required to invest at least $100 million in one or more renewable energy facilities over a three-year period. A company that fails to make at least $100 million in capital investments each year could remain eligible for the tax incentives by paying to the Department of Revenue the amount of utility relief the company would have otherwise been granted for that tax year.

California: In February 2015, the California Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development (GO-Biz) announced that it has received 253 applications with a combined tax credit amount of $289 million for the third California Competes Tax Credit Application period, which closed February 2, 2015.  The pool of credits available is $75 million and is expected to be awarded on April 16, 2015. In the first two application periods, 400 companies asked for $500 million in credits from a pool of $29 million awarded to 29 companies in June 2014, and 286 companies asked for $329 million from a pool of $31 million awarded to 56 companies in January 2015. A total of $151.1 million is available in the 2014-15 fiscal year, with one more round of applications and award of the final $31.1 million scheduled for June 18. In the next fiscal year, $200 million will be available for the credit.

New Jersey: A New York apparel company is moving from New York City to Jersey City. The retailer, Charles Komar & Sons Inc., will be moving its headquarters and 500 employees to Jersey City. In return, the state will be providing a $37.2 million tax break, including negotiated incentives.

Legislative, Regulative and Gubernatorial Update

California: On February 25, 2015, the California Legislative Analyst’s Office presented state lawmakers with options for a state earned income tax credit (“ETIC:”), including a “piggyback” on the federal EITC, a state match for the federal EITC for low-income working families, and a supplement to the federal EITC for childless adults.

Permanent regulations governing the California Competes Tax Credit program took effect February 5, 2015, to replace temporary regulations adopted Feb. 20, 2014. The final version of the regulations makes a few minor changes from the temporary regulations. One of the changes specifies that companies can apply for and win the credit multiple times, but each time they will be evaluated based on new commitments for investment and pay to workers in California. The final regulations also require applicants to assert that absent the credit award they “may” terminate or relocate employees, rather than “will” terminate or relocate.

The Franchise Tax Board (“FTB”) must review the books and records of all businesses receiving the credit that have more than $2 million in annual gross receipts to determine if they have met the milestones for employment, wages and investment required under their contracts with the state. If the FTB determines that a business has a material breach of its contract, either through failure to timely provide information for review, a material omission or incorrect information, or failure to meet milestones for employment, wages or investment, the agency will notify GO-Biz. It will be up to the five-member GO-Biz California Competes Tax Credit Committee to make a final decision whether businesses must pay back the credit due to a breach.

On February 12, 2015, the California Film Commission released draft emergency regulations to implement the state’s film and television tax credit program newly expanded under 2-14 AB 1839, which increased funding to $300 million per fiscal year, expanded eligibility, and eliminated budget caps for independent films and the state’s lottery system. The draft now goes to the governor’s Office of Administrative Law for review and final approval. The draft document is posted on the Film Commission’s website under “News & Notices.”

In related news, California will hold a final lottery under the old program on April 1. The new incentives plan will allot funds based on how many jobs productions employ, among other criteria, such as the use of California visual effects companies and production facilities.

For the first time, the program allows all new TV shows to qualify – not just on basic cable like under the current plan – as well as movies with budgets above $75 million. However, the up-to-25% credit applies only to the first $100 million of a movie’s costs, and that may cool the enthusiasm of studios when planning shoots on big budget projects. Despite the improvements, California’s incentive plan is smaller than some rival states with whom they are fighting for a slice of the production pie.

Illinois: On February 13, 2015, SB 707 was introduced which would entitle interactive digital media companies to an income tax credit in an amount of 30% of expenses incurred for an accredited production in a taxable year. The credit would be able to be carried forward or transferred.

Louisiana: On February 27, 2015, Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal proposed to change some of the state’s individual and business tax credits from refundable to nonrefundable, which according to his fiscal 2016 executive budget proposal would save the state $526 million. Refundable credits which would be affected include, but are limited to, inventory tax credit, research and development credit, angel investor credit and historical rehabilitation residential credit.

Louisiana: Louisiana lawmakers on February 24, 2015, released draft bills that would scale back the state’s generous film tax credit by setting clear limits on the program and making related costs to the state more predictable. Currently, the credit may be used to offset personal or corporate income tax liability in the state. The program provides a transferable tax credit of up to 35 percent of total in-state expenditures with no cap and requires a minimum of $300,000 in spending. The credit can be transferred to Louisiana taxpayers or back to the state for 85% of its face value. State Sen. Jean-Paul Morrell’s draft bill would cap the total amount of film credits allowed for one year at $300 million, but what isn’t used in that year could be carried forward to the next. Under Rep. Julie Stokes’ bill, the credit could be transferred only once, and the state’s buyback percentage would be increased from 85 cents to 90 cents on the dollar.

Michigan: In February 2015, Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder delivered his proposed 2016 budget, offered a projected budget for fiscal 2017, and signed an executive order to reduce expenditures in the fiscal 2015 budget to account for what the Governor stated is a revenue shortfall that has resulted from businesses claiming tax credits granted during the last decade.

Furthermore, the Governor indicated that he wants to renegotiate the tax incentive agreements the state has with 240 companies. It turns out the state owes about $9.4 billion in tax credits to companies that created jobs in Michigan. That liability costs the state about $500 million a year, a cost that will continue until 2029. The tax credits reduce a company’s liability under the Michigan Business Tax (MBT).  The Governor’s administration wants to negotiate with the companies the timing of the credits’ use because currently the companies can claim the credits whenever they want.  Of those companies owed the MBT tax credits, Chrysler, General Motors, and Ford alone are owed about half of the balance (over $4 billion) in MBT credits.

Texas: On January 30, 2015, the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts proposed regulations (Prop. Tex. Admin. Code §3.599) aimed at implementing the state’s Research and Development Activities Credit, which can be applied against a taxpayer’s franchise tax. The proposed rule implements H.B. 800, which was enacted in 2013 and creates a credit for certain expenses from research and development activities. The proposed rule applies to franchise tax reports originally due on or after Jan. 1, 2014, and expires on Dec. 31, 2026.  Unused credits may be carried forward for no more than 20 consecutive reports. The total credit claimed for a report, including the amount of any carryforward credit, cannot exceed 50% of the amount of franchise tax due for the report before any other applicable tax credits. The proposed rule would prohibit the transfer of credits to another entity unless all of the assets of the taxable entity are conveyed, assigned, or transferred in the same transaction.

Utah: On February 11, 2015, the Utah Governor’s Office of Economic Development proposed to update a refundable economic development tax credit rule to reflect historic practices and provide a more comprehensive outline to the processes and procedures used in administering and awarding the tax incentive. The rule outlines how a tax incentive is granted including the criteria used in screening applicants and how the tax credit is calculated and redeemed. The rule defines key terms, provides for the application process, and provides the factors to be considered in authorizing an economic development tax increment financing (EDTIF) award. The new rule also outlines the application for and verification of information supporting an annual EDTIF payment, and how to request a modification of the EDTIF offer or contract.

Virginia: On February 9, 2015, the Virginia Senate passed legislation (SB 1447) designed to attract investments from companies that used inversions to reduce their federal tax liabilities. If passed by the House of Delegates, SB 1447 would amend the state’s corporate income tax statute to permit a $5 million exemption for companies that used an inversion transaction to lower their U.S. tax liability and that make a capital investment of at least $5 million in Virginia to open a facility or other business operation.

Case Law Update

Georgia: In LT IT-2014-03, the Georgia Department of Revenue ruled that after a company converts to a limited liability company, it can continue to claim benefits awarded to the original company under the quality jobs tax credit program, including income tax carryforwards, withholding benefit carryforwards, and remaining credit installments.

European Union v. Washington: On February 23, 2015, the World Trade Organization (“WTO”) agreed to consider a European Union (“EU”) complaint against Washington over the state’s $8.7 billion package of tax incentives approved in 2013 (SB 5292) to encourage Boeing to manufacture its 777X in the state. SB 5952 included reduced business and occupation tax rates for aerospace suppliers, a sales tax exemption for materials used in the construction of aerospace manufacturing facilities, and tax breaks for property associated with those facilities.

The EU submitted a complaint to the WTO in December 2015, saying the incentives granted by Washington to Boeing violated the WTO’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM agreement) which bans subsidies that are contingent on the use of domestic goods. Specifically, the allegation is linked to two sections of SB 5952 that connected the incentives to the “siting of a significant commercial airplane manufacturing program in the state of Washington.” While most of the incentives simply required that such a siting occur, RCW 82.04.260(11)(e)(ii) revokes the preferential business and occupation tax rates if Boeing relocates the 777X outside Washington.

The complaint is only the latest chapter in a saga dating back to a 2004 complaint by the United States over subsidies offered to France-based Airbus, a major competitor to Boeing in the manufacture of commercial aircraft. That complaint was countered with a complaint over U.S. subsidies to Boeing. Both companies were eventually found to have received illegal subsidies, and in 2012, the WTO ruled that a variety of state and federal subsidies to Boeing violated the SCM agreement and harmed EU interests by undercutting Airbus.

States’ Evaluation and Review of Credit and Incentive Programs

Maryland: On February 12, 2015, An economic development task force appointed by Maryland lawmakers released a report with recommendations to improve the state’s business climate that include restructuring the state’s economic development programs and business tax incentives for better program efficacy.

New York: According to a February 5, 2015, report released by New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli, it is unclear whether the $1.3 billion in incentives and credits given out annually by New York is creating jobs. The report focuses on the Empire State Development Corp. (ESDC) use of tax incentives, accountability and transparency in ESDC operations, and how improvements can be made.

The Task Force on Evaluating Economic Development Tax Expenditures, comprising New York City Council members and leaders from business, labor, policy, and academic communities, is reviewing New York City’s billions of dollars in economic development tax incentives to make sure the money is being put to good use. The Task Force began meeting at the end of January 2015 and has held two meetings to date. The Task Force is expected to deliver a report on its findings by the end of 2015 to the State Legislature. The Legislature’s review is needed for final approval before the city can change any laws.

North Carolina: In response to North Carolina Republican Gov. Pat McCrory’s proposal to expand the Job Development Incentive Grants program (“Program”), the North Carolina Justice Center reported that since its inception in 2002, more than half of all firms receiving incentive awards from the Program have failed to live up to their promises of job creation, investment, or wages.  Given this report, it will be interesting if the Governor’s proposal will have any legs to stand on.

ARTICLE BY

Jennifer Zimmerman
Horwood Marcus & Berk Chartered