Tag: health

Temperature Checks: Three Things to Know Before Screening Employees and Customers

As businesses begin the calculated process of re-opening their doors to employees and customers, many are considering implementing temperature checks to monitor for at least one known COVID-19 symptom – the fever.

Beyond nailing down the logistics of temperature checks (e.g., who will perform them, has that person been trained, do employees need to be paid while waiting in line, how will social distancing be maintained, etc.) there are several significant legal considerations that should be evaluated before implementation.

The Illinois Biometric Privacy Act

Some temperature screening devices utilize facial-recognition technology to quickly identify those with fever so that they can be promptly tracked down and removed from the facility. While these systems provide logistical advantages, especially to large employers and retailers, they likely implicate provisions of the Illinois Biometric Privacy Act (BIPA) which can lead to costly litigation and result in stiff penalties for anyone who violates the statute, even unwittingly.

According to BIPA, businesses utilizing this type of facial-recognition technology must obtain advance, written consent from the individuals to be scanned, and must also maintain a publicly available policy that specifies information regarding the collection, use, storage, and destruction of individuals’ biometric information. And, again, these policies and consents must be executed and implemented before temperature screenings begin. It is, therefore, critical to determine whether your temperature screening devices perform facial recognition scans or capture other biometric information.

Confidentiality of Employee Information

Employers screening employee temperatures must also remember they are conducting a “medical examination,” as defined by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and would be wise to adhere to the EEOC’s guidance on the issue. This means information collected about employees’ temperature, such as the temperature readings themselves, or the fact that an employee had or has a fever, must be treated as confidential medication information and maintained in a confidential file separate from an employee’s personnel file. Employers should also take care to not divulge the identity of any employee sent home with fever, absent consent from the employee to share that information with other personnel, or a strict need-to-know among involved supervisor(s) or members of human resources.

The California Consumer Privacy Act

California’s sweeping new privacy law, the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), contains broad protection of consumers’ “personal information,” and requires businesses subject to the statute to, among other things, notify consumers when their personal information is being collected. Though body temperature is not explicitly mentioned in the statute, the definition of “personal information” is broad, and includes information that “identifies, relates to, describes, is capable of being associated with, or could reasonably be linked, directly or indirectly, with a particular consumer …” It includes biometric information. Whether an individual’s temperature constitutes personal information is up for some debate, but debates often lead to costly litigation, and it is easy enough to amend CCPA notices to include temperature until that debate is resolved in an effort to avoid litigation altogether.

So, if a business is subject to the CCPA and intends to collect employee or customer temperatures (whether or not with the use of biometric technology), it should consider updating its CCPA notices to include “temperature” (and, if applicable, scans of face geometry) to the list of personal information collected.

© 2020 Much Shelist, P.C.

For more employer COVID-19 guidance, see the National Law Review Coronavirus News section.

Temperature Screening: New Guidance From the CDC, FAQs, and Best Practices

With states beginning to ease stay-at-home orders, employers are formulating plans to return employees to the workplace. As part of this process, many employers are considering implementing regular employee temperature checks in an effort to keep employees safe. While this measure may have seemed unthinkable and fraught with risks even just a couple of months ago, we expect that health screenings, including temperature checks, will become increasingly prevalent in the workplace. In fact, just last week, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) issued guidance on how employers and businesses can safely conduct temperature checks. Key portions of that guidance are summarized below, along with a list of common questions and best practices employers should consider before requiring employees to undergo regular temperature checks.

1. Are employers required to screen employees’ temperatures before they enter the workplace?

The answer depends on the state(s) in which the employer operates.  Some states are now requiring employers to conduct regular temperature checks on employees.  For example, Colorado requires certain critical and noncritical businesses to conduct daily temperature checks and monitor employees’ symptoms, and employers with 50 or more employees at one location must implement stations for symptom screenings and temperature checks.  Other states such as Indiana require all employers to implement a COVID-19 response plan, which includes implementing a health screening process for employees that may include regular temperature checks.  Additionally, employers may be subject to different temperature check requirements based on industry.  For example, Washington requires construction contractors to screen all workers at the beginning of their shift by taking their temperature and asking them if they have symptoms.  Any worker found to have a temperature of 100.4 degrees or higher must be sent home.  That said, many states currently have no temperature check mandate, including–for now–Illinois (with limited exceptions such as certain health care and long-term care employees), giving many employers some flexibility to determine how best to screen employees for symptoms, if at all.  Employers should consult and keep a close eye on ever-changing state and local guidelines to determine if and when temperature checks are required.

2. Even if there is no state or local mandate, can employers still require employees to submit to routine on-site temperature checks as a condition of employment?

Yes, provided that temperature checks are administered safely, consistently and in a non-discriminatory manner.  The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) has issued guidance confirming that temperature checks are a permissible screening mechanism to use during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, to avoid discrimination claims, employers generally should not pick and choose who is subject to temperature screening unless it is part of a nondiscriminatory plan (e.g., screening only that portion of the workforce where social distancing measures may not be feasible, such as warehouses or manufacturing plants).  Note that if employers choose to screen every employee entering a facility, employers may need to conduct such checks on anyone entering the workplace–not just employees–to minimize the risk of discrimination claims and to reduce the risk of transmission.

3. What are the key CDC guidelines for conducting on-site temperature screenings?

The CDC outlines two options for on-site screenings. The first approach relies on barrier/partition controls and personal protective equipment (“PPE”) and the second approach relies exclusively on PPE.

Under the first approach, the screener stands behind a physical barrier, such as a glass or plastic window or partition.  Using disposable gloves, the screener checks the employee’s temperature by reaching around the partition or through the window.  It is critical that the screener’s face remain behind the barrier at all times during the screening.

Under the second approach, the screener uses a face mask, eye protection (goggles or disposable face shield that fully covers the front and sides of the face), disposable gloves and a gown (if physical contact with an employee is anticipated) when taking employees’ temperatures.

When conducting temperature checks on multiple employees, the screener should use a clean pair of gloves for each employee and ensure that the thermometer is thoroughly cleaned after each use.  If the screener is using a disposable or non-contact thermometer (i.e., non-contact infrared thermometers, tympanic thermometers, and thermal scanners) and he or she does not make physical contact with the employee, then the CDC states that the screener need not change his or her gloves after each check.

Under either approach, the CDC confirms that employees found to have a temperature of 100.4 degrees or higher should be sent home immediately and instructed to promptly contact their doctor.  Employers should follow up with employees who are sent home with additional information about any available benefits and return-to-work protocol.  The CDC further recommends that employees maintain social distancing when waiting for their turn to be screened, and to the extent possible, screening should take place before an employee enters the physical workplace.

The CDC guidance can be found here:  https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/general-business-faq.html

4. How should the temperature screeners be selected and trained?

An obvious first choice for a screener is often a medical officer or nurse, if such an employee is available and on staff.  If not, employers should carefully select an appropriate screener, ensure that the individual is comfortable with the role, and consider providing such individual with additional compensation or hazard pay.  Alternatively, there are third-party vendors who now offer these types of services, though such vendors should be carefully vetted.  Finally, employers are even turning to robots or robotic arms to conduct screens in order to reduce the risk of exposure during the screening process.

No matter who is selected, screeners should be trained on how to safely complete temperature screens, the proper use and disposal of PPE, and maintaining employee privacy.  As a best practice, we recommend that employers retain a medical professional to train screeners on how to safely and effectively conduct a temperature check, or at a minimum, employers should consult a medical professional to provide and confirm such information.  We also recommend that screeners sign a document establishing the protocol, requiring confidentiality of employee medical information, and confirming that the individual has been informed of and consents to the risks of serving as a screener.

5. What kind of thermometer should be used?

As a practical matter, we strongly advise that employers use a disposable or no-contact thermometer to prevent the spread of the virus. In fact, without a disposable or contactless device, employers may want to consider abandoning temperature checks altogether (if doing so will not run afoul of state or local law) and instead rely on other screening measures.  The risk of inadvertently using a contaminated device may outweigh any potential benefits gained from implementing a screening protocol in the first place.

However, if an employer uses a sophisticated device, including robots, to screen employees’ temperatures, Illinois employers should be aware of yet another potential legal pitfall.  Some devices and robots rely on artificial intelligence, including in some cases, facial recognition capabilities.  Such equipment could implicate the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (“BIPA”), which has strict notice, disclosure and consent requirements.  Employers should discuss these risks with counsel before using any such devices.

6. If employees are required to undergo a temperature screening before clocking into work, must the employer compensate them for that time?

In most cases, yes.  While the answer to this question may depend, in part, on state law, we generally recommend that employers compensate employees for any time spent waiting to be screened and participating in the screening process in order to comply with the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) and state wage and hour laws.  Running afoul of these laws by not paying employees for otherwise compensable pre-shift activities can be much more costly in the long run than paying employees for the time spent in the screening process itself.

7. What are the privacy concerns related to temperature checks?

The Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) requires employers to maintain the confidentiality of all information obtained through disability-related inquiries and medical examinations.  Temperature screening is a medical examination under the ADA. Accordingly, any information collected as part of the screening process must be treated as a confidential medical record and maintained separately from the employee’s personnel file.  It may be disclosed only in limited circumstances. Employers should also consider how to best protect the privacy of those employees who are found to have an elevated temperature and need to be sent home (e.g., allowing for an inconspicuous exit, private screening, drive-through screening, etc.).

8. What if an employee refuses to participate in on-site temperature checks?

As a general matter, employees can be required to undergo temperature checks as a condition of employment, and those who refuse to do so should be sent home.  Employers should communicate the requirements for temperature checks and the consequences for failing to cooperate in a clearly written notice or policy that is distributed to all employees in advance of the implementation of the screening protocol.  Employees who refuse to adhere to those requirements may be disciplined, provided that any such discipline is administered in a consistent and nondiscriminatory manner.  However, for a variety of reasons (including employee morale), employers should consider whether discipline is truly necessary.  The better option may be to simply send the employee home or deny them access to the workplace.  When in doubt, employers should consult counsel before implementing discipline.

9. Is fever alone a reliable indicator of COVID-19?

According to the medical community, no.  Unfortunately, an elevated temperature is not a definitive indicator of the illness, and an employee may be contagious even without a fever. For that reason, and as discussed further below, employers should consider implementing other screening mechanisms either in lieu of on-site temperature screening (if allowed under applicable law) or in addition to temperature screening.

10. If fever is not a reliable indicator of COVID-19, why are employers implementing temperature screening?

Employers are looking for concrete steps they can take to reduce the risk of exposure in the workplace.  Unlike most COVID-19 symptoms, body temperature can be objectively screened and verified.  While temperature screening will not effectively identify asymptomatic cases, it still has the ability to catch positive cases and help prevent a potential outbreak in the workplace.  In many instances, employers are implementing temperature screening in an attempt to alleviate employee anxiety.  Some employers are reporting that employees actually want to have temperature checks in place to know that their employer is taking meaningful, proactive steps to keep them safe.  In other words, temperature screening may be as much of an employee relations (and public relations) tool as it is a prevention mechanism. In weighing the decision to implement on-site screening, employers should consider whether employees will be comforted by the process of temperature checks or if it will instead stoke fear and panic.

11. How should employees be notified of on-site screening measures?

We recommend that employers provide employees with advance, written notice of temperature checks and any other screening measures.  The notice or policy statement should explain the basis and method for conducting the screening, the steps the employer is taking to protect employee safety and privacy, and the consequences for failing to comply.  To avoid a false sense of security, the notice should also make clear that just because someone does not have a fever does not necessarily mean that the person does not have the virus.  The notice should explain that many people who test positive for COVID-19 are asymptomatic, and that employees should continue to take appropriate precautions and self-monitor and report to the employer the presence of any other symptoms.

12. What are the alternatives to on-site temperature screening?

As discussed above, on-site temperature screening presents potential logistical and legal issues that may steer some employers away from taking such measures.  As an alternative to on-site temperature screening, many employers are instead considering and implementing some type of employee self-assessment or self-monitoring protocol.  This can be accomplished through completion of daily self-assessment and/or certification forms in which the employee is asked to self-report temperature, other symptoms, or potential exposure events.  Other employers are relying on a one-time policy document whereby employees acknowledge and agree that by reporting to work each day, they are certifying that they have no symptoms.  Some employers are even incorporating the daily certification into timekeeping software (without disclosing medical information).

According to the CDC, it is reasonable to ask employees to take their own temperature before arriving to work.  This helps reduce the risk that those who are experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 will expose others to the virus by traveling to or reporting to work.  Therefore, some employers may opt to have employees conduct their own temperature checks before arriving at work, which alleviates some of the logistical and legal concerns.  However, note that employers in some states, like California and Illinois, may need to foot the bill for supplying employees with thermometers needed to complete any such self-assessment.

Regardless of the approach taken, we believe that employers should implement some type of symptom screening mechanism, even if it is not an on-site temperature check. And if an employer does decide to conduct on-site temperature screening (or is required to do so by law), we believe temperature checks should be used in conjunction with other screening efforts such as requiring employees to identify other symptoms or potential exposure incidents.  In other words, temperature screening should be just one of many potential tools in the employer’s arsenal to combat COVID-19 in the workplace.

© 2020 Vedder Price

For more on the return to work after COVID-19 process, see the National Law Review Coronavirus News legal section.

New Platform to Facilitate Development of COVID-19 Technologies

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has launched a new platform that could expedite the development of COVID-19 related technologies. As explained in the USPTO’s press release, the Patents 4 Partnerships web-based marketplace is designed to “facilitate the voluntary licensing and commercialization of innovations in a variety of key technologies” related to “the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of COVID-19.”

The Patents 4 Partnerships IP marketplace platform currently lists 175 granted U.S. patents and pending U.S. patent applications, covering such diverse technologies as “Methods of Treating Coronavirus Infection,” “Air-Sampling Device and Method of Use,” “Rapid and Highly Fieldable Viral Diagnostic,” and “Dexterous Humanoid Robotic Wrist.” According to the press release, the initially listed items were “drawn from a variety of public sources, including the USPTO, the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer (FLC Business), the AUTM Innovation Marketplace (AIM), universities, and a number of federal agencies.”

Stakeholders wanting to add their U.S. patents or applications to the Patents 4 Partnerships platform can complete this simple form. As noted on the form, the technology should be “reasonably related to the prevention, treatment, diagnosis, protection from or alleviation of symptoms of coronaviruses in general.”

© 2020 Foley & Lardner LLP

For more in COVID-19 tech-development, see the National Law Review Coronavirus News section.

Connecticut Further Revises “Safe Workplace Rules for Essential Employers,” Requiring All Employees to Wear Face Masks or Face Coverings At All Times

On April 17, 2020, the Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development materially revised its previously issued “Safe Workplace Rules for Essential Employers.” Now, all employees working at every workplace that remains open during the COVID-19 pandemic must wear a face mask or face cloth covering at all times.

Employers are required to provide masks or face coverings to employees and, if infeasible because of supply-chain shortages, employers must provide materials for employees to make their own masks or face coverings. Employers must provide these materials, along with the Centers for Disease Control tutorial showing how to make masks and face coverings or, alternatively, compensate employees for reasonable and necessary costs to make their own masks and face coverings.

The new requirements do not apply to employees whose health or safety would be negatively impacted by wearing a mask or face covering due to a medical condition.  And employees are not required to produce medical documentation to verify the stated condition.

© 1998-2020 Wiggin and Dana LLP

For more on states’ COVID-19 legislation, see the Coronavirus News section of the National Law Review.

To Provide an N95 Mask or Not to…That is the Question Plaguing Some Employers (US)

One of the biggest questions plaguing employers during the COVID-19 pandemic is whether or not to provide employees with respirators—the holy grail of all PPE at this time. On March 11, 2020, the White House issued a Presidential Memorandum, entitled “Making General Use Respirators Available,” which mandated all necessary efforts by the government and public at large to make respiratory devices available for use by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic to mitigate against further transmission of the virus. In response, OSHA has issued several forms of temporary enforcement guidance for the Respiratory Protection standard, as well as its April 13, 2020 Interim Enforcement Response Plan for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and both the healthcare and general industries have scrambled to comply with this exacting standard in the face of extensive shortages.

As we recently discussed here, OSHA issued two enforcement guidance memos on April 3, 2020, regarding issues surrounding the use of respiratory equipment. The first memorandum discusses the use of respiratory protection and the N95 mask shortage due to COVID-19, specifically outlining enforcement discretion to permit the extended use and reuse of respirators, as well as the use of respirators that are past their manufacturer’s recommended shelf life—when following the directions set forth in the memorandum (i.e., attempting to obtain other NIOSH-approved respirators and using all other feasible engineering controls) and when used as recommended by the CDC. The reasoning behind the memorandum is the sad fact that the pandemic has limited the availability for N95 filtering facepiece respirators to only workers in the healthcare and emergency response fields (and even then there are not enough respirators to go around). The second memorandum provides similar guidance on the use of respiratory protection equipment certified under the standards of other countries or jurisdictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, if the methods set forth in the first memoranda are unavailable. Both memoranda explicitly explain their application to both (1) healthcare personnel exposed to actual and potential COVID-19 patients, as well as (2) workers exposed to other respiratory hazards due to the shortage of respirators resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic response.

On April 8, 2020, OSHA issued further guidance and announced the expansion of temporary guidance provided in a March 14, 2020 memorandum regarding supply shortages of N95 masks or other filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The memorandum expands application of mandatory fit-testing requirements in the March 14 memorandum beyond healthcare to all workplaces covered by OSHA—where there is required use of respirators—and explains that “OSHA field offices will exercise enforcement discretion concerning the annual fit-testing requirements, as long as employers have made good-faith efforts to comply with the requirements of the Respiratory Protection standard and to follow the steps outlined in the March 14, 2020 memorandum.”

Notably, all three memoranda outline some version of this statement: “Due to the impact on workplace conditions caused by limited supplies of N95 FFRs, all employers should reassess their engineering controls, work practices, and administrative controls to identify any changes they can make to decrease the need for N95 respirators. Employers should, for example, consider whether it is possible to increase the use of wet methods or portable local exhaust systems or to move operations outdoors. In some instances, an employer may also consider taking steps to temporarily suspend certain non-essential operations.” OSHA also clarified that “[a]ll employers whose employees are required to use or are permitted voluntary use of respiratory protection must continue to manage their respiratory protection programs (RPPs) in accordance with the OSHA respirator standard, and should pay close attention to shortages of N95s during the COVID-19 pandemic. Paragraph (d)(1)(iii) in section 1910.134 requires such employers to identify and evaluate respiratory hazards in the workplace, and paragraph (c)(1) requires employers to develop and implement written RPPs with worksite-specific procedures and to update their written programs as necessary to reflect changes in workplace conditions that affect respirator use.” OSHA confirmed this fact in its April 13, 2020 Interim Enforcement Response Plan, where it again focused on healthcare and emergency response job tasks with “high” and “very high” occupational exposure risk to COVID-19.

So who should be provided respirators in the first place then? OSHA has not yet put forth any guidance saying that it will require (or even recommend, consistent with CDC guidance for the general public) NIOSH-approved respiratory protection in the typical working environment, except for employees working within 6 feet of patients “known to be, or suspected of being, infected with SARS-CoV-2 and those performing aerosol-generating procedures.” The agency has also clarified that the use of PPE, including respiratory protection, should not take the place of other prevention strategies.

However, whether respiratory protection is required is still a case-by-case analysis, the outcome of which will be dependent on each employer’s internal hazard assessment and the risk category within which the employer’s workers fall (as described in OSHA’s guidance). Only for high risk and very high risk positions does OSHA recommend the use of respiratory protection, including NIOSH-approved N95 devices, as well as face shields or goggles—in accordance with CDC guidance for hospital preparedness. For medium risk workplaces, the guidance notes that situations requiring employers to use respirators are rare. And for lower risk workplaces, OSHA does not even recommend additional PPE, let along respirators. Instead, the agency directs that “[w]orkers should continue to use the PPE, if any, that they would ordinarily use for other job tasks.” Therefore, employers falling into the latter two categories that want to provide respiratory protection may be stuck between a rock and a hard place until supply levels increase and agency guidance expands.

That said, OSHA recognizes the difficulties at hand and has clarified that its inspectors will be given specific enforcement discretion when enforcing the Respiratory Protection standard during the COVID-19 outbreak. In exercising this discretion, inspectors are instructed to refer to OSHA’s guidance outlined herein, to continue to check for additional or modified guidance, and to always assess “whether the employer is making a good-faith effort to provide and ensure workers use the most appropriate respiratory protection available for exposures to SARS-CoV-2.” Per OSHA’s Interim Enforcement Response Plan, assessing good-faith efforts will be accomplished by the following:

  • Implementing the hierarchy of controls in an effort first to eliminate workplace hazards, then using engineering controls, administrative controls, and safe work practices to prevent worker exposures to respiratory hazards;
  • Prioritizing efforts to acquire and use equipment according to OSHA’s guidance memorandum above;
  • Performing a user seal check each time an employee dons a respirator, regardless of whether it is a NIOSH-certified device or not, and do not use a respirator on which they cannot perform a successful user seal check; and
  • Training workers to understand proper usage, maintenance, sanitation, and storage of respirators and other PPE.

In other words, it is hard to get respirators in the first place, even for healthcare and emergency workers falling into the high and very high risk categories. So, employers must implement comprehensive backup plans involving the use of engineering controls, administrative controls, safe work practices, and other appropriate PPE. However, if respirators are available for your workers, and they need and are provided respirators for their particular position, they must be used in the context of a comprehensive respiratory protection program that meets the requirements of OSHA’s Respiratory Protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134), at least to the greatest extent possible, including the requirements for medical exams, fit testing, and training.

© Copyright 2020 Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP

For more on respirator availability & usage, see the National Law Review Coronavirus News section.

Coronavirus Spreads from China, Increasing Risks

Originating in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a coronavirus known as 2019-nCoV has spread quickly this month, migrating to multiple other countries as international health officials rush to contain its spread and calm fears. But the spread of the virus—and China’s response—is already having major impacts on businesses both within the country and around the world.

A member of the same family as SARS and MERS, the virus presents similar symptoms as flu or pneumonia. So far, the coronavirus outbreak has killed 17 people and has sickened at least 600 people across China alone. This week, a man in Washington State returning from a visit to Wuhan became the first identified case in the United States. He is reportedly in stable condition and in isolation. Other cases have been reported in Hong Kong, Macao, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam.

On Tuesday, the Chinese government upgraded the classification of the virus to a Class B infectious disease, giving the government the power to take more serious steps to limit its spread. These include imposing travel restrictions in and out of Wuhan and several nearby cities, with more restrictions pending, which could effectively impose a quarantine over 25 million people. Wuhan’s railway stations, buses and subway were shut down this week, as were several highways out of the city, and hundreds of flights from the city’s international airport were reportedly cancelled.

Additionally, China has begun banning all large gatherings and cancelling public events in major cities, including Beijing. As the country prepares to celebrate the Lunar New Year—when millions travel home out of major cities and/or attend large public celebrations for the holiday—this will likely cause major disruptions for people and businesses. China’s largest investment bank, CITIC Securities, even told its employees in the Hubei province (of which Wuhan is the capital) not to travel home for the holiday, and if they did, that they would be forced to work remotely for two weeks before they could return to the office. Macao—which has one documented case of the coronavirus thus far—has cancelled a public New Year’s festival, and is considering shutting down its casinos (a huge part of the region’s economy) if more cases are discovered.

When outbreaks like the coronavirus occur, companies can protect their business and employees by reviewing existing policies and looking into additional coverage to fill gaps. As Risk Management previously wrote, even limited disease outbreaks can have major impacts on businesses, especially those in the health care industry or operating overseas. Companies may have particular cause for concern about the risks of business interruption and supply chain issues stemming from quarantines, travel disruptions and major event cancellations. For example, many U.S. pharmaceutical companies have moved their drug and medical supply manufacturing to China, and these operations can be affected by health crises.

As the disease has spread internationally, staff operating in areas with documented cases and traveling employees may also face risk of infection. In addition to the travel restrictions China has instituted in various regions, airports around the world have started instituting special screening for passengers from China, possibly further complicating travel. In fulfilling their duty of care to traveling employees, companies have a number of insurance options including foreign voluntary workers compensation or business travel accidental death and dismemberment coverage, and should take the opportunity to review existing coverage and assess any potential gaps moving forward. Pre-trip preparation and training can also help. Ensuring that employees have the resources and knowledge to find in-country medical care or a concrete evacuation plan prior to traveling can also help protect them in a crisis.

Risk Management Magazine and Risk Management Monitor. Copyright 2020 Risk and Insurance Management Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

For more global health issues, see the National Law Review Health Law & Managed Care section.

Can an Employer Implement a Nicotine-Free Hiring Policy?— It Depends on State Law (US)

Nicotine products are highly addictive and have been linked to a variety of serious health issues, including lung cancer and other respiratory illnesses.  In addition to the numerous health risks associated with nicotine use, there is also a causal connection between employee nicotine use and lower productivity in the workplace, as well as higher healthcare costs for employers.  In response to these issues, and in an effort to promote and empower a healthy workforce, more employers are enacting health-conscious workplace policies and anti-smoking/vaping initiatives.

In fact, over the last decade, employers—particularly hospitals and businesses in the medical field—have adopted anti-smoking/vaping policies in those states in which it is lawful to do so, with the goal of encouraging a more healthy work environment, as well as to increase worker productivity and reduce healthcare costs.  As the health risks associated with nicotine use become increasingly apparent (particularly with the recent wave of vaping-related illnesses), it is likely that more employers will consider their policies toward these important health issues. For example, on December 30, 2019, U-Haul International announced a new nicotine-free hiring policy that will go into effect in 21 states on February 1, 2020.  Although U-Haul subsidiaries operate in all 50 US states and 10 Canadian provinces, due to legal restrictions in some jurisdictions, the policy will be implemented only in the following 21 US states: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington.  Prospective employees in those states will see statements regarding the nicotine-free hiring policy on application materials and will be questioned about nicotine use. Further, to be considered for employment in states where nicotine testing is allowed, applicants will be required to consent to submit to nicotine screening in the future.  U-Haul employees hired prior to February 1, 2020 will not be affected by the new policy.

U-Haul will be the first major company in its field to refuse to hire applicants who are nicotine users, and the new policy has caused some to question whether companies which, like U-Haul, are deeply invested in the well-being of their employees, are allowed to enact such policies.  The answer to that question depends on the jurisdiction in which the company operates.  Nicotine users are not a “protected class” under any federal anti-discrimination law, and thus state law governs this issue.  In each of the 21 states in which U-Haul companies will implement its policy, there are no laws that protect the rights of nicotine-users or prohibit employers from declining to hire applicants due to their engaging in otherwise lawful conduct outside the workplace.  Therefore, a policy refusing to hire nicotine users is perfectly legal in those jurisdictions, and employers in those states are free to enact nicotine-free hiring policies if they so choose.

However, employers who are considering implementing such nicotine-free hiring policies should tread carefully.  The rest of the 29 states where U-Haul subsidiaries are not implementing its policy (and the District of Columbia) have various anti-discrimination or employee privacy laws preventing employers from enacting such policies.  These states provide varying degrees of protection to employees.  For example, some states broadly forbid employers from discriminating against applicants or employees based on the use of “lawful products” or for “lawful conduct,” whereas other state laws specifically protect an applicant’s or employee’s right to smoke or use other tobacco products.  Although these states are generally more employee-friendly in this context, in some of these jurisdictions, employers can require smokers to pay higher health insurance premiums, so long as the additional amount reflects the actual differential cost to the employer.  Further, employers can still regulate and limit an employee’s on-site smoking, and can typically offer financial incentives for employees who participate in wellness programs to help them quit smoking.

Given the state-specific nuances associated with this issue, employers thinking about implementing a nicotine-free hiring policy should consult with an attorney before implementing such a policy to ensure it may lawfully do so.

© Copyright 2020 Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP

For more on employers’ healthy-workplace initiatives, see the National Law Review Labor & Employment law section.

FDA Toughens Enforcement of Homeopathic Products

FDA recently announced that it was taking two significant actions with respect to products marketed as homeopathic drugs, suggesting that increased enforcement related to these products is imminent. Homeopathy is a form of alternative medicine that is based on the idea that illnesses and their symptoms can be treated by small doses of ingredients that produce similar symptoms in healthy people.

First, the Agency has withdrawn Compliance Policy Guide (CPG) Sec. 400.400, entitled “Conditions Under Which Homeopathic Drugs May be Marketed.” The CPG was issued in 1988 and described an enforcement policy that permitted unapproved homeopathic drugs to be marketed if certain conditions related to labeling, ingredients, manufacturing, and other considerations were met. In withdrawing the CPG, the Agency observed that products that seemed to meet the criteria described in the CPG nonetheless caused or could have caused serious harm.

Second, the Agency has revised its draft guidance entitled “Drug Products Labeled as Homeopathic.” The revised draft guidance describes enforcement priorities for homeopathic drugs marketed without required approval. According to the revised draft guidance, these priorities include:

•Products with reports of injury that, after evaluation, raise potential safety concerns.  For example, MedWatch reports on other information submitted to the Agency can indicate or signal a potential association between the product and an adverse event, medication errors, or other safety issues.

•Products that contain or purport to contain ingredients associated with potentially significant safety concerns. For example, potentially significant safety concerns are raised by products that contain or purport to contain:

– An infectious agent with the potential to be pathogenic;

– A controlled substance, as defined in the Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. 812;

– Multiple ingredients that, when used in combination, could result in possible interactions, synergistic effects, or additive effects of the various ingredients; and,

– Ingredients that pose a risk of toxic, or other adverse effects, particularly when the ingredients are concentrated or in low dilution presentations (e.g., 1X, 2X, or 1C), or are not adequately controlled in the manufacturing process.

  • Products for routes of administration other than oral and topical. . . .
  • Products intended to be used for the prevention or treatment of serious and/or life-threatening diseases or conditions. . . .
  • Products for vulnerable populations. . . .
  • Products with significant quality issues. . . .

The revised draft guidance stresses that “nothing in the FD&C Act exempts homeopathic drug products from any of the requirements related to approval, adulteration, or misbranding, including labeling requirements.” It further emphasizes that “any homeopathic drug product that is being marketed illegally is subject to FDA enforcement at any time.”

©2019 Greenberg Traurig, LLP. All rights reserved.

For more FDA regulations, see the National Law Review Biotech, Food & Drug law page.

NIEHS-Funded Research Finds that Graphene Shield Shows Promise in Blocking Mosquito Bites

On August 26, 2019, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) announced that the results of an NIEHS-funded study show that graphene could provide alternatives to chemicals in insect repellant and protective clothing.  The study, “Mosquito Bite Prevention through Graphene Barrier Layers,” was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

According to the abstract, the researchers hypothesized that graphene films may provide mosquito bite protection for light, fiber-based fabrics.  The researchers investigated the fundamental interactions between graphene-based films and the mosquito species Aedes aegypti through a combination of live mosquito experiments, needle penetration force measurements, and mathematical modeling of mechanical puncture phenomena.  The abstract states that “[t]he results show that graphene or graphene oxide nanosheet films in the dry state are highly effective at suppressing mosquito biting behavior on live human skin.  Surprisingly, behavioral assays indicate that the primary mechanism is not mechanical puncture resistance, but rather interference with host chemosensing.”

The researchers propose that the interference is “a molecular barrier effect that prevents Aedes from detecting skin-associated molecular attractants trapped beneath the graphene films and thus prevents the initiation of biting behavior.”  According to the abstract, placing water or human sweat on the external film surface circumvents the molecular barrier effect.  In this scenario, the abstract states, “pristine graphene films continue to protect through puncture resistance — a mechanical barrier effect — while graphene oxide films absorb the water and convert to mechanically soft hydrogels that become nonprotective.”

©2019 Bergeson & Campbell, P.C.
This article was written by Lynn L. Bergeson and Carla N. Hutton of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C.
For more environmental research, see the National Law Review Environmental, Energy & Resources law page.

DNA Information of Thousands of Individuals Exposed Online for Years

It is being reported that Vitagene, a company that provides DNA testing to provide customers with specific wellness plans through personalized diet and exercise plans based on their biological traits, left more than 3,000 user files publicly accessible on Amazon Web Services servers that were not configured properly.

The information that was involved included customers’ names, dates of birth and genetic information (such as the likelihood of developing medical conditions), as well as contact information and work email addresses. Almost 300 files contained raw genotype DNA that was accessible to the public.

Vitagene has been providing services since 2014 and the records exposed dated between 2015 and 2017. Vitagene was notified of the accessibility of the information on July 1, 2019, and fixed the vulnerability.

Copyright © 2019 Robinson & Cole LLP. All rights reserved.
This article was written by Linn F. Freedman of  Robinson & Cole LLP.