Tag: ACA

The Affordable Care Act—Countdown to Compliance for Employers, Week 47: The Reporting Conundrum

MintzLogo2010_Black

 

The Affordable Care Act establishes three new, high-level, reporting requirements:

  • Code § 6051(a)(14)

Employers must report the cost of coverage under an employer-sponsored group health plan on an employee’s Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement;

  • Code § 6055

Entities that offer minimum essential coverage (i.e., health insurance issuers, certain sponsors of self-insured plans, government agencies and other parties that provide health coverage) must report certain information about the coverage to the employee and the IRS; and

  • Code § 6056

Applicable large employers must provide detailed information relating to health insurance coverage that they offer.

The W-2 reporting rules have been in effect for a while, and I do not address them in this post. This post instead addresses Code §§ 6055 and 6056, which were originally slated to take effect in 2014, but which were subsequently delayed by one year in IRS Notice 2013-45.

The Treasury Department and IRS issued proposed regulations under both rules on September 30, 2012. (For an explanation of the proposed regulations, please see our October 21, 2013 client advisory. Although garnering far less attention than the Act’s pay-or-play rules, the rules under newly added Code §§ 6055 and 6056 should not be overlooked. Both provisions require a good deal of specific information about covered persons and the particular features of the group health plan coverage such persons are offered. Required reports must be furnished to both the government and covered individuals.

  • Under Code section 6055, plan sponsors must report to the IRS who is covered by the plans and the months in which they were covered. Plan sponsors must also provide this information to the employees who are enrolled in their plans along with additional contact information for the plan.
  • Under Code section 6056, applicable large employers must report to the IRS, and provide to affected full-time employees, information that includes:

(i) The employer’s contact information;

(ii) Whether the company offered minimum essential coverage to full-time employees and their dependents;

(iii) The months during which coverage was available;

(iv) The monthly cost to employees for the lowest self-only minimum essential coverage;

(v) The number of full-time employees during each month; and

(vi) Information about each full-time employee and the months they were covered under the plan.

Absent regulatory simplification, the costs of compiling, processing, and distributing the required reports will be substantial. But the regulators are in a difficult position, since they must remain true to the requirements of the law. The proposed regulations do offer some suggestions for simplification. For example:

  • Employers might be permitted to report coverage on IRS Form W-2, rather than requiring a separate return under Section 6055 and furnishing separate employee statements. But this approach could be used only for employees employed for the entire calendar year and only if the required contribution for the lowest-cost self-only coverage remains stable for the entire year.
  • The W-2 method could also be extended to apply in situations in which the required monthly employee contribution is below a specified threshold (e.g., 9.5% of the FPL) for a single individual, i.e. the individual cannot be eligible for the premium assistance tax credit.
  • Employers might be permitted to identify the number of full-time employees, but not report whether a particular employee offered coverage is full-time, if the employer certifies that all employees to whom it did not offer coverage during the calendar year were not full-time.

Industry comments filed in response to the proposed regulations have seized these suggestions to ask for further relief. Some commenters suggested replacing the reporting process with a certification process under which an employer could simply certify that it has made the requisite offer of coverage. Others have asked that information be provided to employees only on request, on the theory that not all employees will need to demonstrate that the employer either failed to offer coverage or that the coverage was either unaffordable or did not constitute minimum value.

While many of the comments submitted in response to the proposed regulations were both thoughtful and practical, many are also difficult to square with the terms of the statute. As a result, the most likely outcome is that the final rules under Code §§ 6055 and 6056 will look a lot like the proposed rules—which look a lot like the statute.

Article by:

Alden J. Bianchi

Of:

Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.

A Look Ahead: Top 5 Health Law Issues for 2014

vonBriesen

 

From Affordable Care Act implementation to the continued transition to quality and evidence-based medicine, we expect to see a host of new regulatory and industry changes in 2014. Moreover, federal and state governments will continue to ramp up detection and enforcement of fraud, abuse, and other laws. These changes provide ample opportunities for lawyers to represent and counsel health care industry clients.

In addition to health lawyers, these changes and new opportunities will also affect lawyers who practice in other areas, including business, antitrust, technology, employee benefits, and elder law. Below is an overview of five hot issues in health care law that practitioners – new and seasoned – should monitor in 2014.

1. Affordable Care Act Implementation

Exchanges and the Individual Market. As millions of Americans obtain insurance on the individual market through Exchanges (a.k.a. the “Marketplace”), the ACA individual mandate and the individual insurance market will create a host of issues for health lawyers in 2014. Beginning early in the year, health lawyers will be called on to address coverage, enrollment, and compliance issues. Attorneys and firms looking to expand their ACA practice should consider employee benefits regulations and related legal issues as ACA implementation continues and employers look for help understanding and complying with coverage requirements and pay or play rules.

Medicaid. The ACA’s expansion of Medicaid will also bring increased attention to the Medicaid program in 2014. Attorneys should be prepared to see increased scrutiny of program integrity in the coming year, including inspector general attention at the state and federal levels (e.g., program audits). Attorneys may be called upon to address these and other Medicaid issues in 2014, including issues with eligibility, covered benefits, and movement between Exchanges and Medicaid.

Tax Exemption. Section 501(r) of the Internal Revenue Code, introduced as part of the ACA, requires, among other things, that tax-exempt hospitals conduct a community health needs assessment and adopt a written financial assistance policy. Hospitals that do not meet the 501(r) requirements risk an excise tax, taxing of hospital revenue, and revocation of exempt status. Proposed regulations outlining the 501(r) requirements were released in 2013, and final rules are expected in 2014.

2. Health Information Privacy and Security

This year is shaping up to be another big year for health information privacy and security and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), as providers, payers, and businesses that support the health care industry (including lawyers) adapt to new compliance requirements and increased liability under the Omnibus Rule regulatory scheme.

This is an area that will be important for health lawyers, as the Omnibus Rule outlines clear compliance requirements for lawyers providing legal services to providers and payers. (For more information on lawyers as business associates, see “Casting a Wider Net: Health Information Privacy is Not Just For Health Lawyers” in the September 2013 Wisconsin Lawyer).

Health lawyers are also awaiting the 2014 release of another major HIPAA rule – expected to outline requirements for tracking uses and disclosures of health information – as well as legislative changes in Wisconsin dealing with confidentiality of mental health records (an in-depth Wisconsin Lawyer article on this is forthcoming).

Lawyers that deal with health information should be familiar with HIPAA and other federal and state laws protecting the confidentiality of health information to address an increased emphasis on HIPAA audits, security, and technology issues in 2014.

3. Provider Reimbursement and Emphasis on Quality Care

Medicare Billing and Payment. As of this writing, Congress is still debating options for repealing the sustainable growth rate (SGR), which is part of a reimbursement formula used to calculate Medicare physician payments. For years, the SGR has resulted in cuts to physician payments. However, Congress has always used SGR “doc fixes” to extend and delay the cuts (most recently, on Dec. 18, 2013, a 23.7 percent cut set to take effect Jan. 1, 2014, was delayed until March).

However, bipartisan efforts in Congress may make 2014 the year of the SGR repeal. Health care attorneys should take note because the SGR repeal will mean significant changes in how Medicare physician reimbursement is calculated, and the wide-spread effect will touch any number of contractual arrangements that use Medicare reimbursement to set compensation terms.

Quality-based Reimbursement. We have seen a steady change from productivity-based compensation models, which pay for volume, to quality-based reimbursement models, and 2014 will continue this progression. Attorneys that represent physicians and physician practices should be prepared for the introduction (or addition) of quality metrics in physician compensation arrangements, as well as an increase in co-management arrangements and opportunities, which engage physicians in hospital management to better align physicians and hospitals.

Narrow Networks. With additional products available in the individual insurance market in 2014 and an increased focus on performance-based contracting, payers are tying rate increases to quality metrics and tightening provider networks. Attorneys representing physician groups may see an increase in narrow network products and, as a result, their clients’ exclusion from networks.

Changing reimbursement concepts are not new but some methodologies will affect physician behavior, require more patient engagement, and influence efficiency as the industry demands accountable care and continues to introduce quality-based incentives.

4. Increased Joint Venture Activity and Market Consolidation

We expect to see increased joint venture activity and market consolidation in 2014. Increasing market share and patient population allows providers and payers to introduce and monitor their quality care initiatives to a broader base of patients and standardize care with the hope of better outcomes and efficiency. Attorneys representing parties in these transactions should be mindful of fair market value and other fraud and abuse requirements, leasing and construction considerations, and potential antitrust implications.

5. Government Enforcement

The health care industry has seen increased government scrutiny, including emphasis on payment, program integrity, and compliance. From Medicare and Medicaid compliance audits, Strike Teams, increased HIPAA penalties, overpayment recoupment, to fraud and abuse self-disclosures and intervening in whistleblower suits, the federal government is improving its enforcement mechanisms used against hospitals and providers. The federal agencies and their contractors have increased their damages and penalty recoveries over the last few years, and we expect this to continue in 2014.

The primary goal of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General’s (OIG) strategic plan for 2014 to 2018 is fighting fraud, waste, and abuse. In order to achieve its goal, the OIG intends to build upon existing enforcement models, refine self-disclosure protocols, and use all appropriate means (including exclusions and debarments) to maximize recovery.

If you are new to health care, or if you want to expand your practice into health law, these areas of strict liability and increased enforcement will be fundamental to your practice in 2014. Understanding the complex regulations and strict liability statutes is fundamental to providing sound legal and business advice to health care clients.

Honorable Mentions

Retail health clinics and on-site health services, changes in medical malpractice standards, increased emphasis on post-acute care, non-physician health care professionals, and the corporate practice of medicine will also be hot topics in 2014.

This article was first published in WisBar Inside Track, Vol. 6, No. 1, a State Bar of Wisconsin publication.

Article by:

Meghan C. O’Connor

Of:

von Briesen & Roper, S.C.

Dental and Vision Coverage Under the Affordable Care Act

MUCHblue

 

Many employers are unaware of how dental and vision insurance coverage fit within the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This article unravels these rules.

ACA does not mandate dental and vision insurance for adults. For children under age 19, the rules are different. In the exchanges and the individual and small-employer markets, dental and vision insurance are generally required for children under age 19. This requirement does not apply to large employers with 50 or more employees.

Individuals and Small Employers

Effective January 1, 2014, for the small employer and individual market, ACA requires non-grandfathered health plans to cover a specific group of health benefits known as“essential health benefits.” There are ten benefit categories, of which one is pediatric services. Pediatric services include dental and vision care for children under age 19.

Children in this age group are entitled to teeth cleaning twice a year, x-rays, fillings and orthodontia if medically necessary. (It should be noted that there is not a single definition of “medically necessary.”) In addition, children under age 19 can annually get an eye exam and one pair of glasses or contact lenses. There is no requirement under ACA that health plans provide dental and/or vision coverage to individuals age 19 and over.

The Exchanges

Except as provided below, health insurance plans offered within an exchange must include pediatric dental and vision benefits. If the exchange has a stand-alone dental plan providing pediatric dental benefits, the health insurance plan does not need to offer this benefit. The exchanges do not have stand-alone plans for pediatric vision benefits.

Under the federal exchanges, when the dental insurance is a stand-alone plan, employers and individuals are not required to purchase it. State exchanges may provide otherwise. There are no subsidies for stand-alone pediatric dental plans.

Planning tips:  

  1. It may be more cost effective to purchase a stand-alone dental policy. When the health plan includes dental coverage, certain dental expenses may not be covered until the medical deductible is satisfied.
  2. If dental and vision coverage is desired for adults, the health plan should be carefully examined because the law only requires pediatric dental and vision coverage. If dental and vision insurance for adults are not covered in the health plan, the adults must purchase a stand-alone policy.

Employers With 50 or More Employees

Currently, health plans for large employers with 50 or more employees are not required to provide essential health benefits. Instead, health plans for large employers must offer “minimum essential coverage.” If this coverage is not affordable and meaningful, beginning in 2015, the employer may be subject to a monetary penalty.

The term minimum essential coverage is defined very broadly under ACA. Virtually any health plan offered within a state that is offered to at least 95% of the employer’s full-time employees and dependents constitutes minimum essential coverage. There is no requirement under ACA that dental or vision benefits must be offered in these health plans. Unlike the exchanges and the individual and small employer markets, dental and vision care for children under age 19 are not required.  Although not required, most large employers offer dental and vision coverage to their employees.

Article By:

William N. Anspach, Jr.

Of:

Much Shelist, P.C.

It's Official—The Supreme Court Announces That It Will Review The Contraceptive Mandate

Image

On Nov. 26, 2013, U.S. Supreme Court announced that it will review two cases in which for-profit employers challenged the application of the contraceptive mandate under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The cases are Sebelius v. Hobby Lobby Stores and Conestoga Wood Specialites Corp. v. Sebelius.

Both employers say that their religious beliefs bar them from providing employees with drugs or other items that they consider abortifacients. These employers argue that the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act protects their religious beliefs and therefore bars the application of the contraceptive mandate. In contrast, the government argues that for-profit corporations cannot exercise religion and therefore have no protection from the mandate.

Supreme Court

At present, the federal courts of appeal are deeply divided on this issue. Three circuits—the Seventh, Tenth, and D.C. Circuits—have upheld challenges to the mandate, while two circuits—the Third and the Sixth—have rejected these challenges. The most recent decision came from the Seventh Circuit in Korte v. Sebelius, Case No. 12-3841, and Grote v. Sebelius, Case No. 13-1077.  The court’s ruling, issued Nov. 8, 2013, held that the Religious Freedom Restoration Act barred the application of the mandate to closely held, for-profit corporations when the mandate substantially burdened the religious-exercise rights of the business owners and their companies.

The Supreme Court will likely hear oral argument in the consolidated Hobby Lobby andConestoga case in March 2014. The decision is expected to decide whether—and to what extent—for-profit corporations have a right to exercise religion. Many commentators see parallels between this case and the Citizens United case in which the Court held that corporations had a First Amendment right to make certain political expenditures. If the Court finds that corporations also have religious rights, it could have significant impact on the application of other laws—including the Title VII, the ADA, the FMLA, etc. For example, could a religious employer object to providing FMLA leave for an employee to care for a same-sex spouse, even in a state that recognizes same-sex unions? Keep an eye on this case—it could have far-reaching consequences.

Article by:

Mark D. Scudder

Of:

Barnes & Thornburg LLP

Initial Health Exchange Enrollment Fails to Meet Projections

DrinkerBiddle

Since the state and federal health exchange marketplaces went live on October 1, 2013, approximately 106,185 people have either selected health plans or fully signed up and paid for coverage through these markets.  The first official reporting of these numbers from the Administration comes after weeks of congressional and public frustration and scrutiny over significant problems with the federal enrollment website, HealthCare.gov.  Original goals for enrollment extended into the millions by spring 2014, but in the weeks leading up to today’s announcement, the Administration sought to significantly lower expectations while promising to fix the enrollment website and help people obtain coverage.

The announcement came on the heels of a politically contentious four and a half hour hearing by the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee on challenges with the HealthCare.gov website.  During the hearing, White House Chief Technology Officer Todd Park testified before the committee and could not commit to the Administration having the website problems fixed by November 30, a promise other top Administration officials have been making since Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Kathleen Sebelius testified before Congress last month.

Enrollment levels within the exchanges are significant because low enrollment means that next year’s premiums will be higher, as costs are spread across a much smaller pool of individuals and individuals who have enrolled are more likely to be high utilizers of health care services.  Unless enrollment significantly increases by the March 31st deadline for open enrollment, one of the hallmark issues of the Obama Administration may fail to reach its goal of providing affordable health care to millions of uninsured Americans.

Article by:

Julie Scott Allen

Of:

Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP

Federal Government to Launch Multistate Health Insurance Plans

The National Law Review recently published an article by Nita Garg of Barnes & Thornburg LLP regarding Multi-State Health Insurance Plans:

 

 

Under multistate plans recently announced by the Obama administration, health insurance operated under contract with the federal government will be available to consumers in every state through state insurance exchanges mandated under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). While the White House has suggested that these plans will serve as a substitute for the government-run health insurance plan that was discussed, and rejected, during health care reform negotiations, existing insurers and developers of CO-OPs were taken by surprise at the announcement.

The impetus behind these plans is the belief that a government sponsored multistate plan will increase competition in health insurance markets, which tend to be geographically clustered.

In those states and regions in which a single insurer is dominant, the hope is that these plans may lead to competitive pricing where such competition would otherwise be difficult.

While proponents speak of these plans’ promise, others are concerned. The ACA provisions pertaining to these plans do not specify how these plans will comply, if at all, with requirements under various state laws. Generally, issues related to insurance regulation fall under the jurisdiction of state governments. Private insurers worry that if state laws would not apply, these multistate plans may have an unfair competitive advantage over other insurers who are subject to state-specific requirements.

While administration officials stated that for they past three months they have been reviewing rules to be issued soon (Pear, New York Times, Oct. 27, 2012), insurers have been without any regulatory guidance as of yet, and, as mentioned earlier, the ACA provisions have not provided much clarification on how these plans will operate. Given this lack of direction, insurers been unable to prepare for implementation of these plans. Speaking to Sarah Kliff of the Washington Post, John McDonough, a Harvard University School of Public Health professor who worked as a health policy adviser to Sen. Ted Kennedy, said that these plans have the potential to disrupt insurance markets, due to the rushed nature of these discussions. “It’s happened so fast, in a brief window, that there was not a lot of time for robust conversation,” he says. “The conversation was like, ‘this is a good idea, let’s cook something up.’ It was definitely not a thoughtful, nuanced conversation.”

© 2012 BARNES & THORNBURG LLP

Analysis: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds the Affordable Care Act: Roberts Rules?

The National Law Review recently published an article by Meghan C. O’Connor and William O. Jackson of von Briesen & Roper, S.C. regarding The U.S. Supreme Court’s Healthcare Ruling:

Today, June 28, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision upholding thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (the “ACA” or “Act”). The decision marks the culmination of a legal battle and public debate that began soon after the ACA was enacted. The Court upheld the individual mandate, perhaps the most controversial provision of the ACA, but limited the expansion of Medicaidunder the ACA. All provisions of the ACA will continue to be in effect, with some limits on the Medicaid expansion. In order to prevent a constitutional violation due to the Medicaid expansion portion of the ACA, the Court held that the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (“Secretary”) is not permitted to apply §1396c of the Act to withdraw existing Medicaid funds to a state for failing to comply with the requirements set out in the expansion provisions. Though today’s decision will have far-reaching effects in political discourse, the Court emphasizes its deference to Congress and its sensitivity to its judicial role: “We do not consider whether the Act embodies sound policies. That judgment is entrusted to the Nation’s elected leaders. We ask only whether Congress has the power under the Constitution to enact the challenged provisions.”

Key points from decision:

  • Individual mandate not supported by Commerce Clause or Necessary and Proper Clause
  • Individual mandate must be construed as a tax, which is upheld under Congress’s taxing power
  • Expansion of Medicaid program constitutional, but HHS may not penalize states that choose not to participate in the expansion of Medicaid
  • Decision strikes a balance between principles of federalism and judicial restraint

I. Background

On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed the ACA into law. The 2700-page Act contained numerous provisions that, when implemented, would alter the health insurance and health care delivery systems in the United States more significantly than any federal law since the creation of the Medicare and Medicaid programs in 1965. Significant ACA provisions include the expansion of coverage under federal health care programs, such as Medicaid; the creation of new programs to integrate and reform health care delivery, such as the Medicare Shared Savings Program; and the minimum coverage provision at §1501 of the ACA that requires, with limited exceptions, individuals to maintain minimal essential health care coverage as of 2014 (commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”) or make a “shared responsibility payment”. After the enactment of the ACA, individuals, organizations, and 26 states brought suit against the federal government alleging, among other things, that the individual mandate and Medicaid expansion were unconstitutional. After multiple federal appeals court decisions with diverging opinions, the Supreme Court granted review.

This article will discuss the four main issues at play during the oral arguments, highlights of the Court’s decision, and implications of the Court’s decision.

II. The Issues At Play

In March 2012, the Supreme Court heard three days of oral arguments focusing on four issues: (1) whether the Court could even hear arguments about the constitutionality of the ACA; (2) whether the individual mandate was unconstitutional; (3) if so, whether the individual mandate, and potentially other provisions of the ACA, could be “severed” from the remaining portions; and (4) whether the Medicaid expansion provisions of the ACA were constitutional.

1. Could the Supreme Court Even Hear the Case?

Before the Court addressed the constitutionality of the individual mandate and Medicaid expansion, the Court determined that the Anti-Injunction Act (“AIA”) did not apply to the lawsuits challenging the ACA. Under the AIA, courts may not hear lawsuits that attempt to restrain the imposition or collection of a tax. If the AIA did apply to the ACA lawsuits, the Court would have been prevented from hearing the case until the parties had exhausted other remedies.

The Court held that the AIA did not prevent the Court from hearing the challenge to the individual mandate because the mandate is not a “tax” for purposes of the AIA. This decision is not surprising given that during oral argument, the Court expressed skepticism about whether the AIA applied to the case and whether the case could be considered an exception to the AIA.

Today’s decision is interesting in that it distinguishes between whether a law is a “tax” for purposes of Congress’s taxing power versus the Court’s jurisdiction under the AIA. The government argued that the mandate was not a tax for purposes of the AIA but that it was a tax for purposes of Congress’s constitutional authority. At oral argument, Justice Alito noted to the Solicitor General “[t]oday you are arguing that the penalty is not a tax. Tomorrow you are going to be back and you will be arguing that the penalty is a tax.” Justice Scalia also questioned the Solicitor General regarding the labeling of the mandate as a “penalty” rather than a “tax”: “The President said it wasn’t a tax, didn’t he?”

Despite these exchanges, Chief Justice Roberts ultimately focused on whether Congress intended for the AIA to apply. The Court agreed with the government and held that Congress’s decision to describe the shared responsibility payment in §5000A(b)(a) as a “penalty” and not a “tax” demonstrates that Congress did not intend for the AIA to prohibit jurisdiction.

2. Is the Individual Mandate Constitutional?

The central issue in the case was whether Congress had the power under the Constitution to mandate that individuals purchase health insurance and assess a tax or penalty against those individuals who refuse or fail to purchase such insurance. As a general principle of the U.S. federalist system, the federal government may only pass laws under those powers that are enumerated in the Constitution, such as the Commerce Clause. All other powers remain with the individual states. The ACA lawsuits challenged the individual mandate as an unconstitutional use of the Commerce Clause.

The Court telegraphed its skepticism with the Commerce Clause justification during oral argument in March. The justices questioned whether the government was “creating commerce” and whether the penalty associated with the individual mandate was actually a proper exercise of the taxing power.

In a 5-4 decision (with Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan joining Chief Justice Roberts), the Court concluded that the individual mandate was constitutional and could be upheld under Congress’s taxing power as the imposition of a tax on those who do not have insurance. However, the individual mandate could not be sustained under the Commerce Clause or the Necessary and Proper Clause.

• “Creating” Commerce.

A key issue involved whether Congress was creating commerce by requiring individuals to purchase health insurance. During oral argument, Justice Kennedy questioned the government on whether it could “create” commerce by requiring an individual to perform an affirmative act and then regulate that act under the Commerce Clause. The government argued that health care is unique since nearly all persons will be in the health care market at some point, many times the choice to be in the market is uncontrollable and unpredictable, and the result of being uninsured shifts costs to the insured.

In today’s opinion, the Court emphasized that Congress’s broad power to regulate commerce “presupposes the existence of commercial activity to be regulated.” Roberts noted that the mandate creates activity to “compel individuals to become active in commerce by purchasing a product” rather than regulating existing commercial activity. Consequently, the individual mandate cannot be upheld under the Commerce Clause.

The dissent also rejected the use of the Commerce Clause to support the constitutionality of the individual mandate. Justice Scalia wrote “[t]he Federal Government can address whatever problems it wants but can bring to their solution only those powers that the Constitution confers, among which is the power to regulate commerce… Article I contains no whatever-it-takes-to-solve-a-national-problem power.”

• Necessary and Proper Clause.

The Court also assessed whether the individual mandate was constitutional under Congress’s power under the Necessary and Proper Clause because the mandate was integral to the guaranteed issue and community rating provisions of ACA. The Court rejected the government’s argument, concluding that this would give Congress the “extraordinary ability” to create the predicate necessary to the exercise of its power.

• Is the Individual Mandate Actually a Tax?

Despite holding that the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause do not support the constitutionality of the individual mandate, the Court found that the mandate could be sustained under Congress’s taxing power. The Court held that “Congress had the power to impose the exaction in §5000A under the taxing power, and that §5000A need not be read to do more than impose a tax. That is sufficient to sustain it.” Consequently, while the ACA’s description of the shared responsibility payment as a “penalty” and not a “tax” is “fatal” to the application of the AIA, Congress’s choice of words does not “control whether an exaction is within Congress’s constitutional power to tax.” Instead, the “mandate can be regarded as establishing a condition—not owning health insurance—that triggers a tax—the required payment to the IRS.”

The Court then offered a straightforward analysis of its taxing power: “[t]hose subject to the individual mandate may lawfully forgo health insurance and pay higher taxes, or buy health insurance and pay lower taxes. The only thing they many not lawfully do is not buy health insurance and not pay the resulting tax.”

Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan joined Justice Roberts’s majority opinion holding the mandate constitutional under Congress’s taxing power. The Court’s liberal justices would have held the individual mandate constitutional under the Commerce Clause as well, but avoided issuing a concurring opinion that would support a constitutional differentiation but make no practical difference in the implementation of ACA.

Justice Scalia’s dissent is also not surprising, as it echoes his comments at oral argument. The dissent notes, “[w]hat is absolutely clear… is that there are structural limits upon federal power—upon what it can prescribe with respect to private conduct… Whatever may be the conceptual limits upon the Commerce Clause and upon the power to tax and spend, they cannot be such as will enable the Federal Government to regulate all private conduct…”

3. Is the Individual Mandate Severable from the Rest of the ACA?

When a statute or law is held unconstitutional, the Court may eliminate certain provisions of the statute (severing it) or strike the entire statute. At issue with regard to the severability issue was whether other ACA provisions could and/or should be severed from the individual mandate provision if the individual mandate was found unconstitutional. Since the individual mandate was found constitutional, the Court did not address the severability of other ACA provisions.

4. Is Medicaid Expansion Under the ACA Constitutional?

Perhaps the most unexpected component of today’s decision is the limitation imposed on the ACA’s Medicaid expansion. Medicaid funds medical care for needy individuals through a federal and state partnership under which the federal government provides matching funds to states that agree to comply with federal requirements. Congress may change Medicaid requirements, and participating states must amend state Medicaid plans to comply with changes in federal law. Under the ACA, Congress expanded Medicaid eligibility to certain individuals under age 65 who do not receive Medicare and who have an income up to 133% of the federal poverty level. The ACA requires states to provide limited Medicaid coverage to these newly eligible individuals beginning in 2014. Funding of the expansion will not follow traditional matching guidelines; instead 100% of the expansion will be paid for by the federal government through 2016, with the federal share decreasing to 90% by 2020.

Congress’s authority under the Constitution includes spending funds, and setting conditions on the spending of those funds, in order to promote the general welfare. However, Congress’s spending power is limited such that it cannot use the power to compel states to adopt federal policies. At issue was whether the ACA unconstitutionally compels states to expand Medicaid by making expansion of Medicaid eligibility a requirement for receipt of federal Medicaid funds despite increased federal funding to subsidize the expansion.

The majority concluded that the Medicaid expansion is constitutional. However, the Court held that it would be an unconstitutional expansion of Congress’s authority under the Spending Clause for the federal government to withhold Medicaid funding to the states for non-compliance with the ACA’s expansion provisions. Writing for the Court, Chief Justice Roberts noted that “Nothing in our opinion precludes Congress from offering funds under the ACA to expand the availability of health care, and requiring that states accepting such funds comply with the conditions on their use. What Congress is not free to do is to penalize States that choose not to participate in that new program by taking away their existing Medicaid funding.”

Rather than invalidate the Medicaid expansion in its entirety, the Court adopted a more limited remedy of severing the penalty provisions from the ACA. Section 1396c gives the Secretary the authority to withhold all further Medicaid payments to the state if the Secretary determines the state is out of compliance with any Medicaid requirement, including those contained in the expansion. The Court ruled that the Secretary could not use this section to withdraw existing Medicaid funds for failure to comply with the requirements set out in the expansion. However, §1396c remains applicable to the existing Medicaid program, and it could be used by the Secretary to withdraw funds provided under the ACA if a state that has chosen to participate in the expansion fails to comply with the requirements of the ACA.

III. Impact of the Decision

Whether denominated as a mandate or a tax, the Court’s validation of Section 1501 avoids much of the uncertainty that would have resulted if the ACA was struck down. Providers may proceed, for now, with the assumption that the ACA will reduce the burden of providing care to uninsured and underinsured individuals. The Court’s ruling also relieves providers of the need to re-think, or undo, other operational and strategic planning that was implemented under the ACA, such as the move away from fee-for-service to value-based and quality-based reimbursement in an accountable care environment; bundling; bonuses; incentives for various ACA initiatives in areas such as electronic medical records, public health, preventive care, and others; physician quality reporting initiatives; requirements for tax-exempt hospitals such as community health needs assessments, financial assistance, and billing and collection policies; and many other areas of the ACA that might have collapsed with the whole ACA house of cards if the ACA had been struck down in its entirety. Hospital stocks surged ahead on the initial news of the Court’s decision while insurance company stocks fell, suggesting the market’s assessment of the winners and losers from the case.

From a constitutional law perspective, the path taken by the Court in reaching its decision is extremely important. On the one hand, the Court’s conclusion that the individual mandate could not be justified under either the Commerce Clause or the Necessary and Proper Clause confirms that the Court will continue to police the boundaries of Congressional power in a federalist system. Congress may have the power to regulate commerce – what people do – but it does not have the power tocompel commerce – what people do not do. In a similar vein, the Court concluded that the Medicaid penalty provisions ran counter to the nation’s “system of federalism” as Congress improperly went beyond pressure to compulsion.

On the other hand, in upholding the individual mandate under Congress’s power under the Taxing Clause (even notwithstanding statements by the President and the Congress that this was not a tax), the Court gave deference to Congress in searching for any reasonable construction of the law in order to save the ACA from unconstitutionality. The Court also found the means to preserve the expansion of Medicaid by severing only the penalty provisions. In so doing, the Chief Justice remained true to his philosophy of judicial restraint rather than judicial activism, placing himself firmly in the company of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. and Justice Felix Frankfurter.

The Medicaid ruling is significant for states – and for providers. This means that each state will have the ability to determine whether or not to accept the Medicaid expansion terms, without the risk of losing all of its Medicaid programs should the state decide not to agree with expanded eligibility requirements. The ACA was structured so that most everyone had health care coverage – either through employer-provided plans, insurance purchased by individuals, or government-provided programs. The ACA expanded eligibility for Medicaid to provide health care for poor persons who do not have employer-sponsored insurance and who would be unable to pay for their own health insurance. If a state declines to enact the expansion, there will be a gap. The size of the gap—or the number of uninsured individuals—will depend on how eligibility standards are set. For providers, this likely translates into uncompensated care.

In Wisconsin, Medicaid eligibility has been more expansive than required by the federal government. Therefore, the question about what carrots and sticks apply to the Wisconsin Medicaid program is not clearly answered in the decision. This will likely be the subject of consideration and potential debate as the Wisconsin legislature develops the next biennial budget.

Perhaps the greatest impact from the ACA decision will be felt in the upcoming elections. The Court’s characterization of the individual mandate as a “tax” will shape the political debates in the months to come. House Speaker John Boehner, presidential candidate Mitt Romney, and their supporters have already vowed to repeal the ACA following the decision, using the ACA “tax” as their rallying cry. As a result, some uncertainty will remain through and beyond the fall as elected officials sort out what provisions should remain and what should be modified or eliminated. Some of the provisions have proven popular with voters; other provisions have not. And, absent a Republican sweep in November, a total repeal of the Act is not likely. Nonetheless, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker indicated that the state would not take action to implement provisions of the ACA until after the November elections and that he is counting on the next president and Congress to repeal it.

©2012 von Briesen & Roper, s.c

Employer Group Health Plans and the Constitutionality of the ACA

Focus turns to completing 2012 and 2013 compliance tasks following the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision.

Today, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that virtually the entire Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) is constitutional (with the exception of a Medicaid issue that is not directly relevant to employers), validating the full range of past, present, and future ACA requirements. Employers now must continue to press ahead with 2012 and 2013 ACA compliance requirements, particularly if these tasks were placed on a back burner awaiting the decision.

The Decision

Writing for a 5-4 majority in National Federation of Independent Business et al. v. Sebelius, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., found that the individual mandate in the ACA is a permissible exercise of Congress’s taxing authority, stating that “[t]he Affordable Care Act’s requirement that certain individuals pay a financial penalty for not obtaining health insurance may reasonably be characterized as a tax.” Chief Justice Roberts also wrote that “because the Constitution permits such a tax, it is not our role to forbid it, or to pass upon its wisdom or fairness.” Chief Justice Roberts was joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen G. Breyer, and Elena Kagan. Justices Antonin Scalia, Anthony M. Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr., dissented.

Next Steps for Employers

Now that the ACA has been upheld, employer group health plans must focus on a number of pressing tasks for 2012 and 2013 compliance with the ACA. In the coming weeks and months, employers should do the following:

  • Determine whether they are appropriately aggregating group health plan valuation data in order to support 2012 Form W-2 reporting.
  • Prepare to receive, and properly distribute or apply, any Medical Loss Ratio rebates associated with 2011 insured health coverage.
  • Finalize Summary of Benefits and Coverage material for inclusion in the 2013 Open Enrollment package.
  • Complete updates to Summary Plan Descriptions and plan documents to capture and describe the 2011 and 2012 ACA changes to their plan design.
  • Reflect the 2013 plan year $2,500 cap on salary deferral contributions into healthcare spending accounts in 2013 Open Enrollment material, payroll processes, and administration systems.
  • Understand and begin to determine the patient-centered outcomes trust fund fees due in July 2013.
  • Begin to identify whether their group health plans are both affordable and available to full-time employees in order to avoid any shared responsibility penalty in 2014.
  • Prepare for audits associated with their participation in the Early Retiree Reinsurance Program, if applicable.
  • Review possible design changes to retiree drug programs to reflect the change in Medicare Part D subsidy taxation rules.
  • Review future plan design changes to blunt the balance sheet impact of the 2018 Cadillac Tax.

Implications

While the Supreme Court decision is an important milestone in the federal debate over expanding healthcare coverage, it likely represents just the first in a series of future federal discussions and actions in the coming months and years.

The federal debate now moves to the November election cycle. The ACA no doubt will play a large role in the upcoming elections, but it is premature to expect any quick legislative reversals to ACA provisions, as any changes would require a significant shift in power.

In the interim, employer group health plans should continue to examine and implement those ACA requirements that will be effective in 2012, 2013, and later years into the design and operation of their group health plans.

We will release future LawFlashes and hold webinars as further guidance becomes available.

Copyright © 2012 by Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP

Government Coercion As A Vehicle To Alter Healthcare

Posted on November 14, 2011 in the National Law Review an article by attorney Frank R. Ciesla of Giordano, Halleran & Ciesla, P.C.  regarding  the Massachusetts Legislature, which previously mandates health insurance for all, has now moved into its next stage of attempting to contain the cost of healthcare:

 

The front page of the New York Times on Tuesday, October 18, 2011 stated that the Massachusetts Legislature, which previously mandates health insurance for all, has now moved into its next stage of attempting to contain the cost of healthcare.  One way of containing the cost that has been applied around the globe is to regulate the rates charged by insurers, which forces insurers to regulate the rates paid to providers.  Another way is to set an overall budget for healthcare as is done in Canada or certain European countries.  As the Times describes the Massachusetts plan, the approach being considered there is a flat “global payment” to networks of providers for keeping patients well.   All of these approaches alter the way providers are paid and attempt to shift the risks to the insurance companies or the providers.  In my opinion, each of these approaches illustrates the use of the governmental power of coercion to alter the healthcare field.

This use of coercion is shown in various ways in the Affordable Care Act (ACA), by penalizing employers for not providing healthcare insurance so that employer provided healthcare is no longer “voluntary,” by penalizing individuals who do not obtain healthcare insurance, and by requiring the expansion by the states of the State Medicaid programs to cover a larger portion of the population.

Coercion is not new to the healthcare field.  The federal government has long used its power of coercion to compel individuals and employers to pay the Medicare tax, and while Medicare Part B is voluntary, higher income individuals who select Part B are required to pay a higher premium than the vast majority of individuals participating in Part B.  The Medicare and Medicaid programs, while “voluntary” for physicians but not for hospitals in New Jersey, sets the rates they pay.

One of the new approaches to cost control under the ACA is the creation of Accountable Care Organizations (ACO) in which some of the risk of patient outcomes is shifted to the providers.

What is missing so far in the discussion of ACOs and in the Massachusetts debate, is a general obligation on the part of the beneficiaries as to their compliance with medical instructions, as well as their election to live a healthy lifestyle.  The government has exercised some coercion in this area, for instance, with significantly higher taxes on cigarettes as well as the numerous bans on smoking in various places.  Society’s experience with Prohibition has made it clear that that is not the approach to take again, in the area of cigarettes, or quite frankly, in any other area.  It should be noted that we are seeing calls for the legalization of marijuana and the taxation of marijuana rather than continuation of the current prohibition against the use of marijuana.  A similar approach is being taken in the area of alcohol with higher taxes on alcohol.

Whether or not this coercive tool, taxation or in the case of smoking, prohibition in certain areas, will be extended to other activities or circumstances, such as obesity, which result in additional healthcare costs is yet to be seen.  However, the changing of the paradigm in the healthcare delivery system, from payment to providers for the care they render to patients (whether or not the party is compliant with medical directions or the patients choose an unhealthy lifestyle) to shifting the risk resulting from bad patient conduct to the providers, is a giant step into the unknown.  One question that will need to be addressed is what authority will providers have in this new paradigm to require patient compliance with both medical directives and with lifestyle changes.

© 2011 Giordano, Halleran & Ciesla, P.C. All Rights Reserved