Category: Uncategorized

Bank Strategy Briefing: Moving Away From Common Bank Names

It is difficult to overstate the importance of a bank’s name. After all, it’s the centerpiece of a bank’s long-term branding strategy. Before reaching the teller line or setting up a meeting with a banker, seeing a bank’s name on a branch sign, billboard or website is likely the first interaction a customer has with the institution.  With many Midwest institutions approaching or surpassing 100-year anniversaries, a bank’s name may reflect generations of service to a community or the ownership family’s legacy.

Many banks share common names

A surprisingly large number of banks in the U.S. share common naming elements, as detailed below:

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While many reasons for this degree of commonality exist, community pride and company history among them, similar names can result in market confusion, or worse, trademark disputes.

To differentiate themselves, a number of banks have begun changing names. In some instances, it’s a legal name change as specified in the institution’s articles, while in others it’s adopting a trade name.

How to change a bank’s legal name

The process for changing a legal name is relatively simple. First, a thorough search must be conducted to ensure the new name is available. This search would identify existing bank trademarks for the name as well as other potential uses that could cause marketplace confusion. Then comes amending the bank’s articles of incorporation. This requires board and shareholder approval. Once the amendment is effective, customer-facing marketing materials and legal documentation will need to reflect the new legal name.

How to adopt a trade name

Trade names are more nuanced and compliance-sensitive. In addition to validating that a name is available for use, various banking agencies require disclosures about the trade name to appear in signage, advertising and account-opening documentation. This helps customers understand that accounts under each name will be aggregated when calculating FDIC insurance coverage. For example, the Wisconsin Department of Financial Institution’s (WDFI’s) guidance requires disclosure that trade names be identified as a “branch” of the bank. WDFI does not permit other descriptors like “division” or “unit.”

Name changes create new marketing opportunities

Beyond the legal and logistical aspects of a name change, it’s important to develop a robust marketing plan to maximize the opportunity a name change creates. Consider ways to reintroduce the bank to the marketplace and retell its story to the community.

Copyright © 2020 Godfrey & Kahn S.C.

Protected Activity or Illegal Harassment? Clarification May Be Coming.

It is a difficult balance for employers between respecting the rights to speech and other protected activity of their employees and avoiding a hostile workplace created by such speech. All too often employees may express views that are protected, but in ways that may be intimidating to their co-workers and create a hostile work environment. This tricky balance may soon gain much needed clarification. The D.C. Circuit Court of appeals, in issuing a decision in the case of Constellium Rolled Products Ravenswood, LLC v. NLRB, 945 F.3d 546 (D.C.Cir. 2019) set up the possibility.

The case involved an employee who was notified of his termination after writing “whore board” on the employer’s overtime signup sheet by way of protest of the employer’s newly adopted overtime policy. The administrative judge had found that the speech was protected under the National Labor Relations Act Section 8(a)(1) and that it was an unfair trade practice by illegally restraining the employee’s ability to participate in union activity under Section 8(a)(3).

While the D.C. Circuit agreed with the administrative law judge and the NLRB that the employee had been protected under the Act, it faulted the NLRB’s analysis for failing to take into consideration the employer’s “obligations under federal and state anti-discrimination laws to maintain a harassment-free environment.” 945 F.3d 546, 551.  The court then remanded the case to the NLRB to consider the balance between the employee’s protected activities and the employer’s responsibility to provide a harassment-free environment. This will potentially give the NLRB a chance to establish a framework in which to balance these types of cases.

The employer, in its arguments set forth two different proposed tests that could have found the employee’s speech to be unprotected due to the vulgar and offensive manner in which it was done. The company put forth a totality of the circumstances test, which would take into account the company’s anti-harassment policies in effect at the time. The employer alternatively proposed that the NLRB adopt the similar four-part test set forth in Atlantic Steel Co., 245 NLRB No. 107 (1979) that would take into consideration: (1) the place of the discussion; (2) the subject matter of the discussion; (3) the nature of the employee’s outburst; and (4) whether the outburst was, in any way, provoked by an employer’s unfair labor practice.

The test that is chosen will have a substantial effect on how employers can go about protecting their employees from harassment and intimidation while not running afoul of the Act. Great attention should be paid to the result.

© 2020 by Raymond Law Group LLC.

For more on NLRA Protected Speech, see the National Law Review Labor & Employment law section.

Coronavirus – Further Updates on Travel Impact

As the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) continue to monitor the current and potential impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) in the United States and worldwide, the CDC and the Department of State (DOS) have updated their travel guidance by issuing warnings about new countries and raising the threat levels of previously named countries. Further, President Trump has issued a proclamation that temporarily suspends entry to the United States for foreign nationals who have been physically present in Iran within the last 14 days. We outline below the current travel advisories and will continue to provide updates as new information becomes available.

Iran:

The CDC issued a Travel Advisory alert on Iran at the Warning—Level 3 category, recommending that travelers avoid all nonessential travel.

On February 29, 2020, through a Presidential Proclamation, the U.S. government announced that effective today, March 2, 2020, at 5:00 p.m. eastern time, that it was suspending entry of foreign nationals, both immigrants and nonimmigrants, who were physically present in Iran within the last 14 days preceding their entry into the United States.

Italy:

The CDC issued a Travel Advisory alert on Italy at the Warning—Level 3 category, recommending that travelers avoid all nonessential travel. DOS maintains a Level 3 Advisory for Italy as well.

The most affected regions are Lombardy and Veneto (North Italy, Milan consular district). On February 23, 2020, the U.S. Embassy in Rome issued a Health Alert, stating that the U.S. Consulate General in Milan has suspended routine visa services until March 2, 2020. Given the continued health concerns, we expect an updated advisory shortly. However, at this time, full consular services are available at the U.S. Embassy in Rome and the U.S. Consulates General in Florence and Naples.

China:

The CDC has raised the Travel Advisory level for China to a Warning—Level 3 category, recommending that travelers avoid all nonessential travel. DOS has raised the Travel Advisory to Level 4 advising that individuals not travel to China, and to be prepared for the possibility of travel restrictions with little to no advanced notice.

The previous warnings related to China under the Presidential Proclamation, effective February 2, 2020, remain in effect. Foreign nationals who have visited China in the last 14 days may not enter the United States, and American citizens and lawful permanent residents who have been to China in the past 14 days will undergo health screenings at a prescribed list of airports. Depending on their history, individuals may receive additional travel prescriptions.

South Korea:

The CDC has raised the Travel Advisory level for South Korea to a Warning—Level 3 category, recommending that travelers avoid all nonessential travel. DOS maintains a Level 3 Advisory for South Korea as well.

Japan:

The CDC added Japan to the Travel Advisory alerts at Alert—Level 2. The CDC recommends that high-risk travelers practice enhanced precautions. As of February 21, 2020, the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo continues to provide all consular services.

Hong Kong:

The CDC has maintained a Travel Advisory level of Watch—Level 1 (Practice Usual Precautions) for Hong Kong. DOS increased the Hong Kong Travel Advisory to Level 2 (Exercise Increased Caution). Further, the U.S. Consulates in Hong Kong and Macau recommend that anyone with a pending consular appointment who resides in China, has traveled to China recently, or intends to travel to China prior to their planned trip to the United States, postpone their visa interview appointment until 14 days subsequent to their departure from China.

©1994-2020 Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C. All Rights Reserved.

ARTICLE BY Danielle A. Porter of Mintz.
For more on coronavirus developments see the National Law Review Health Law & Managed Care section.

Commissioner Peirce Dissents from SEC’s Rejection of Bitcoin-Based ETF

On February 26, Commissioner Hester Peirce of the Securities and Exchange Commission filed a dissent to the SEC’s decision to reject a proposed rule change from NYSE Arca that would have allowed it to list shares of an exchange-traded fund backed by bitcoin and US Treasury bills. In her dissent, Commissioner Peirce argued that the SEC “applies a unique, heightened standard” to filings related to digital assets that departs from the plain language of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Based on past SEC decisions, Commissioner Peirce expressed a concern that the SEC “is unwilling to approve the listing of any product that would provide access to the market for bitcoin and that no filing will meet the ever-shifting standards that this Commission insists on applying to bitcoin-related products.”

The SEC order disapproving the proposed NYSE Arca rule change is available here. Commissioner Peirce’s dissent is available here.

©2020 Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP

For more SEC leadership decisions, see the National Law Review Securities & SEC law section.

National Labor Relations Board Tightens Standard for Joint Employer Status

A business is a joint employer of another employer’s employees only if the two employers share or codetermine the employees’ essential terms and conditions of employment, according to a recently unveiled and long-awaited final rule from the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). This means that a business must exercise “substantial direct and immediate control” over such issues as wages, benefits, hours of work, hiring, discharge, discipline, supervision and work direction. The rule, which takes effect on April 27, 2020, tightens the legal test the NLRB uses to determine whether workers are jointly employed by affiliate businesses, including franchisors and franchisees.

Specifically, the new rule substantially tightens the standard for joint employer status articulated by the NLRB in its 2015 Browning-Ferris decision. In that decision, the NLRB departed from a half-century’s worth of precedent in determining that it could consider employers who exercised indirect control over the terms and conditions of another employer’s employees, or who reserved the right to exercise such control, as joint employers. The new rule expressly rejects this standard, making clear that neither “indirect” control nor a reservation of right to control terms and conditions of employment is sufficient, on its own, to establish joint employer status. The new rule returns the NLRB to its pre-Browning-Ferris jurisprudence, which required actual and direct control. The new rule also notes that “sporadic, isolated, or de minimus” direct control will not be enough to warrant a finding of joint employment.

The issue of joint employer status is significant for businesses because workers and the unions that represent them can collectively bargain with joint employers and hold them jointly liable for unfair labor practices, which are violations of federal labor law. The Browning-Ferris decision, with its broader test for joint employer status, engulfed more contractors and franchisors into costly and time-consuming labor disputes and contract negotiations. By rejecting the Browning-Ferris standard, the NLRB’s new narrower test brings certainty to this area of law by ensuring that labor disputes and contract bargaining only involve those contractors and/or franchisors that exercise direct control over the employees of another employer. NLRB Chairman Jon Ring made this very point when he explained that “employers will now have certainty in structuring their business relationships, [and] employees will have a better understanding of their employment circumstances.”

This new rule is particularly important to franchisors and comes on the heels of the Department of Labor’s (DOL) new joint-employer rule, which also affected franchisors. Since the Browning-Ferris decision, there has been uncertainty about how much “control” is too much. This new NLRB rule provides welcomed clarity for franchisors, and will allow franchisors to provide more operational support and guidance to franchisees, which should result in franchisees having the opportunity to run their small businesses in a manner that will make a difference in their communities. Franchisors can protect their brands through appropriate brand standards and require franchisees to meet those standards without the heightened risk of being deemed a joint employer of their franchisees’ employees.

However, franchisors must be mindful of various state joint employer regulations, which may be broader in scope than the new rule, as well as plaintiffs’ lawyers asserting claims based on control theories. Franchisors should continue to review their business models and business practices (training, technology and field support) to ensure they are not involved in the exercise of control over a franchisee’s employees. Franchisors also should appropriately address these issues in their franchise agreements and operations manuals.

In sum, the NLRB’s new joint employer test is a win for employers, returning the NLRB’s joint-employer status jurisprudence to the narrower direct and actual control standard. Under this new test, contractors and franchisors who do not want to become joint employers should be careful to avoid exercising direct control over another employer’s employees’ terms and conditions of employment, including wages and benefits. The new rule’s clarity allows businesses to know where they stand as a potential joint employer and to prepare accordingly.

© 2020 Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP. All Rights Reserved.

For more on NLRB decisions, see the National Law Review Labor & Employment law section.

Mitigating Payment Fraud Risks

For businesses that thrive on person-to-person transactions, cash is quickly being replaced by cards, as well as tap-to-pay systems, mobile wallets and QR-based payment systems. These technologies will continue to dominate the market in the near future, but the long-term future of the payment card industry will likely be shaped by the impact of blockchain and artificial intelligence. These developments will eventually also impact risk management, marketing and financial planning, as they present opportunities for serious risks, including fraud. Hence, it is imperative for risk management professionals to plan for these short- and long-term changes in the industry.

Strong risk monitoring requires proactively assessing threats and planning mitigation measures to minimize risk impact on the company or organization. To help mitigate payment fraud risks, businesses can take the following steps:

Train your Employees Regularly

The more regularly you train your employees, the more likely are they to spot suspicious behavior, no matter what payment technology the business uses. Repeated and regular trainings are essential because employees tend to forget what they have learned with time. These training workshops should teach the workers to never accept damaged cards from customers, confirm customer identities, and never enter a card number manually.

Use Contactless and EMV-Enabled Terminals

As payment technology changes, businesses must evaluate what options are safest and least prone to fraud. Currently, businesses should use EMV (short for Europay, Mastercard and Visa), which involves chips embedded into payment cards—a significant step in making transactions safer. The introduction and adoption of EMV-enabled secure terminals, particularly when using PIN and EMV security together, has helped merchants and customers prevent fraudulent transactions.

Contactless smartcards such as chip and magnetic stripe cards use contactless payment, which can present another secure way to process transactions. Most EMV terminals are also enabled with contactless payment. At such terminals, a fast and secure transaction is possible using Near Field Communication (NFC) or Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) via smartcard or smartphone. If a merchant chooses to use contactless payment without PIN, they can put a limit to the amount spent on each contactless transaction to further minimize risk.

Beware Uncommon Transactions

Transactions that involve unusually large purchases could be a sign of potential fraud. Businesses should examine such transactions closely and confirm the identity of the customer. Similarly, if several purchases are made with a card in a short timeframe, it could indicate that the card was stolen and being used by someone other than the owner.

Maintain Online Security

As merchants and consumers shift to contactless and EMV-enabled point of sale terminals, risk has shifted towards online transactions. To mitigate this risk, it is important for online businesses to use the Address Verification Service (AVS), which verifies that the billing information matches the one registered with the card issuer. Vendors should also ask for Card Verification Value 2 (CVV2) to verify that the user has the card in hand when placing the order. Another important check is to put a limit on an IP address for the number of cards it can use for online transactions.

Prevent Employee Fraud

Employee fraud is always a major concern for risk management professionals.  Businesses should remember to keep an eye on credit card activity, particularly returns, as employee theft often shows up in fake discounts or returns. Companies should create alerts that set limits on returns at stores and notify management any time those limits are exceeded.

 

Risk Management Magazine and Risk Management Monitor. Copyright 2020 Risk and Insurance Management Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Boy Scouts File for Bankruptcy Amidst Wave of Sexual Abuse Charges

In the face of approximately 300 sexual abuse lawsuits from former Boy Scouts, the Boy Scouts of America has filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. The Boy Scouts of America is the nation’s largest scouting organization and one of the largest youth organizations. Because Chapter 11 allows an organization to continue operations, scouting programs are expected to proceed at this time.

Officials with the organization said in a statement on Tuesday, February 19, “Our plan is to use this Chapter 11 process to create a Trust that would provide equitable compensation to these individuals.”

The national landscape has shifted significantly in recent years as large, influential organizations like the Catholic Church and USA Gymnastics have become the subject of sexual abuse scandals. One of the most important ways laws have changed has been the extension of the statute of limitations. Many states, including New Jersey and Pennsylvania, have chosen to grant sexual abuse victims longer timeframes to seek damages in sexual abuse and assault cases.

COPYRIGHT © 2020, STARK & STARK

See the National Law Review Bankruptcy & Restructuring Law section for more information.

The Migratory Bird Treaty Act: Flight of Fancy or Enduring Change?

The Trump Administration has issued a proposed rule, 85 Fed. Reg. 5915 (February 3, 2020), that would codify its interpretation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), 16 U.S.C. 703 et seq., as applying only to the direct take of birds subject to the Act.  For decades, the federal government interpreted the MBTA as criminalizing both the direct (intentional) and incidental (unintentional and incident to an otherwise lawful activity) take of birds, their nests, and eggs covered by the Act.  Permission could be obtained for direct take, for example for hunting or for control of nuisance birds, but no such MBTA-specific framework existed to evaluate and permit incidental take under the Act.  As a result, project proponents, such as builders of wind farms, were left negotiating informal arrangements with the federal government in some circumstances or found themselves at the mercy of “prosecutorial discretion,” in others.  The leading causes of incidental bird deaths — cats, collisions with buildings, and collisions with cars — were left largely unaddressed by the federal government in implementation of the MBTA.  Judicial decisions addressing the scope of the Act have held both that the Act does criminalize incidental take and that it does not.

Into this flighty situation stepped the Trump Administration.  On December 22, 2017, the Principal Deputy Solicitor of the Department of the Interior issued a legal opinion that reversed years of practice and a prior legal opinion, concluding that the MBTA does not prohibit incidental take.  Consistent with that opinion, on February 3, 2020, the Administration issued a proposed rule that would codify the revised interpretation.  The proposed rule relies on the plain language of the statute, its history, and on constitutional concerns surrounding the extension of criminal liability under a statute that is ambiguous at best.

The MBTA makes it unlawful: “at any time, by any means or in any manner, to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, attempt to take, capture, or kill, possess . . . any migratory bird, any part, next, or egg of any such bird . . . .”  16 U.S.C. 703(a).  Proponents of the prior interpretation urge that the language “at any time, by any means or any manner” evidences an intent to broadly criminalize any acts that result in bird deaths, even if they are not deliberate and not targeted at birds.  The proposed rule rests on a contrary view – that the words “hunt, take, capture, kill” are all affirmative acts directed at birds that have the purpose of reducing them to human control.   In the proposed rule, the Administration considers the legislative history of the Act and concludes that it confirms the view that the MBTA was enacted to address the direct take of birds — in response to over-hunting of birds and to Canadian concerns regarding the impact of U.S. actions on bird populations in Canada – and not to broadly criminalize any and all behavior that may kill birds.

The Trump Administration’s interpretation is already under review in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.  In that case, the plaintiffs brought a direct challenge to the Department of the Interior’s 2017 legal opinion.   The court denied the government’s Motion to Dismiss the matter; summary judgment briefing is ongoing.

Comments on the proposed rule can be submitted through March 19, 2020, in Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2018-0090 at www.regulations.gov.

© 2020 Bracewell LLP

ARTICLE BY Ann D. Navaro of Bracewell LLP.

“Damaged Goods” Not Enough to Sway Third Circuit Court of Appeals

In early February, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the “damaged goods” approach to valuing property crossed by a pipeline. In UGI Sunbury LLC v. A Permanent Easement For 1.7575 Acres et al., the appeals court vacated the trial court’s property valuation that was based on an expert’s opinion that the stigma of a natural gas pipeline decreased the value of the property crossed by the pipeline.

The expert largely based his opinion on anecdotes from his past employment in an appliance shop where he noticed customers valued undamaged property more than damaged property. Under his “damaged goods” theory, the expert opined that property under which a pipeline crosses has a lower value because people perceive it as damaged. The panel held that the expert’s methodology was incapable of testing, had not been peer reviewed, was not generally accepted, and did not provide for a rate of error. While an expert’s opinion does not have to meet all, or even most, of those factors, the fact that this expert’s opinion met none left his opinion unreliable.

The panel noted that parts of the expert’s opinion compared the value of properties impacted by oil spills or the radiation emitted from the Three-Mile Island nuclear disaster. Those properties were figurative oranges to the apples and thus incapable of assisting the trier of fact in concluding the impact to the value of property under which a natural gas pipeline crosses.

Finally, the Third Circuit held that the district court must act as “gatekeeper” and ensure that expert opinions are based on reliable science.

© Steptoe & Johnson PLLC. All Rights Reserved.

For more on property valuation, see the National Law Review Real Estate law section.

Intellectual Property in a Digital World: KnowIt 2020 Conference, May 11-14

KnowIt is an organization that unites the intellectual property and innovation ecosystem (both creators and protectors) to facilitate the kind of collaboration that is vital in our interconnected digital world. More specifically, our mission is to further advance innovation by creating a community of disruptors and change-makers that will challenge the status quo, identify trends, change the narrative and ultimately lead the conversation for the future of IP and innovation.

Cheryl Slipski is the founder and CEO of Knowit. She was an intellectual property lawyer for many years, then spent several years as General Counsel of a payments company, before moving into a business role with Google. Prior to founding KnowIt, she was the CEO of Ubiquity Compliance Solutions, a company focused on solving the challenges caused by fraud in Fintech.

Anil D Aggarwal and Simran Rekhi Aggarwal have co-founded Knowit with Slipski. They have previously been responsible for key retail and fintech events such as Shoptalk and Money2020.

 

In the last century, we have, as a society, made unprecedented improvements in areas such as health, economic well-being, and overall quality of life, and intellectual property has been one of the leading tools with which such advances were realized.

IP Touches Everything

POWER GENERATION – PHARMACEUTICALS AND MEDICINEMINING – MACHINERY MANUFACTURING – NEWSPAPERS – COMPUTER EQUIPMENT – ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS – ELECTRONIC GOODS – RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING – PERIODICALS – BOOKS – MOTION PICTURE AND VIDEO – SOUND RECORDING – TELECOMMUNICATIONS CARRIERS – ADVERTISING – INDEPENDENT ARTISTS, WRITERS, PERFORMERS

Register for KnowIt 2020: May 11-14, 2020 at the Aria Hotel in Las Vegas