Category: Immigration

Canadians, the American Dream, and the EB-5 Investor Visa

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It’s that time of year when Canadians wintering south of the border begin to realize that fairly soon they will be packing their things and making the long trip north again. Some of them will do so willingly, eager to get back to friends and family, others will consider extending their stay by another couple of weeks or months, and still others will wonder if there is not some way to make a permanent move south.

The cliché of the Canadian “Snow Bird” exists, because it is a reality. Every winter thousands of Canadians travel south to places like Florida, Arizona, California and Hawaii. The majority retired, they may effectively spend half of their retirement Stateside.

Agreements between the US and Canada make this yearly passage possible. Under US immigration laws, Canadians are generally allowed entry as a visitor in the US for up to 6 months (180 days) at a time when they cross the US border by land, air or sea.

When it comes to taxes, the US Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has its own set of rules completely distinct from US immigration law. The US IRS allows Canadians to spend up to 182 days in the US under its “substantial presence” test over the course of 3 years before requiring Canadians to file a non-resident US tax return. Even then, the Canada-US tax treaty provides protections to facilitate this reporting and to keep Canadians on side with both the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) and the IRS (see IRS Form 8833 Treaty Based Return Position Disclosure).

It is important for every Canadian spending time south of the border to make note of these separate, and sometimes conflicting, rules.

For those Canadians wishing to extend their stay in the US, they should look at both of these aforementioned rules to determine if this possibility exists for them. With the US and Canada announcing new initiatives to share information on the entry and exit of people across their shared border, it is possible that overstaying your 6 month entry to the US by even a few days could cause issues with US immigration next time you try to reenter the US. Additionally, for those who wish to avoid the hassle of US income tax filings, special care and attention should be given to the IRS’ “substantial presence” test.

What about those Canadians whose American Dream is not just passing October to April in the US, but rather relocating permanently?

While the US has various visa options available for those looking to work or start a business in the US, it does not have any retiree visa options, unless, perhaps, the applicant is closely related to a US citizen.

Those without a US citizen as a close relative who wish to immigrate to the US without the responsibility of working or starting a company may wish to consider the EB-5 Investor Visa.

The EB-5 Investor Visa was created by the Immigration Act of 1990, and it is a direct pathway to US permanent residency (also known as a US green card). Permanent residency allows you to live and work, or not work, in the US for as long as you would like. It also gives access to potential eligibility for programs such as US Social Security Insurance and Medicare.

To qualify for an EB-5 Investor Visa, the applicant is generally required to invest $1 Million USD in a business entity that creates or preserves at least 10 full-time jobs for US workers within 2 years. In exchange, the investor receives conditional permanent residency for the first two years, and full permanent residency at 2 years once he or she proves fulfillment of the visa requirements. It also allows the spouse and unmarried children under age 21 of the applicant to receive permanent residency.

For those who do not want or are not able to make a $1 Million USD investment, the US government will issue an EB-5 Investor Visa for investments of $500,000 USD in an approved “regional center” project, or if the passive investment is made in either a targeted low employment or rural area. Additionally, those who invest in regional centers receive the added benefit of being able to look to “indirect job creation” to fulfill the 10 full-time US jobs requirement.

Entrepreneurs starting an enterprise in the US may use the EB-5 visa, but it is equally accessible to passive investors looking for a way to make a permanent move to the US, especially when dealing with an approved regional center.

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United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Issues Final EB-5 Policy Memo

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On May 30, 2013, USCIS finally issued the much anticipated Final EB-5 Adjudications Policy Memorandum.  The Final EB-5 Adjudications Policy Memorandum makes significant changes to and provides clarifications for the EB-5 Program.  Here are some of the highlights:

  • Less Regional Center Amendments: The new memo states that USCIS does not require formal amendments to regional center designation when an RC changes its industries of focus, its geographic boundaries, its business plans, or its economic methodologies.  Previously, the I-924 listed “acceptable amendments” to include some of these. The memo clarifies the non-mandatory nature of these business changes.
  • An RC’s Geographic Area is Determined by Reasonableness:  For the first time, USCIS outlined that determinations on the geographic area of a regional center are based on the RC’s ability to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed economic activity will promote growth in the proposed area. This means that the RC must show that the proposed area contributes significantly to the supply chain and labor pool of the proposed projects.
  • Defines Hypothetical, Actual and Exemplar Projects: The memo states that if a project complies with the requirements of a Matter of Ho business plan, it is an “actual project.” If the project does not comply with Matter of Ho, it is “hypothetical.”  Additionally, an actual project requires more detail than a hypothetical. Finally, the memo defines an “exemplar” as an actual I-526 petition for a project that USCIS will review for EB-5 compliance, including all transactional documents (such as the offering materials).  This is important because if USCIS approves an “actual project,” USCIS will give deference to the later filed I-526s.  Hypothetical projects are not accorded deference at the I-526 stage.
  • We decided that already! Deference to Prior Decisions: Deference to already adjudicated matters is one of the most significant changes contained within the memo. For example, if USCIS approves an I-924’s Matter of Ho compliant business plan, it will give deference to this at the later I-526 stage.  I-924 approval notices should state whether a project has been approved as an exemplar or actual project, thereby being accorded deference in future adjudications.
  • Approved the Use of Escrow Accounts: USCIS explicitly approved investor’s use of escrow accounts as long as release of funds is immediate and irrevocable upon approval of the Form I-526 and acquisition of an immigrant visa or approval of Form 1-485 (adjustment of status).
  • Bridge financing Permitted If You Just Can’t Wait: If a developer uses bridge financing prior to receipt of the EB-5 capital, this will not affect the job creation calculation whether or not said financing was contemplated before the EB5 financing.  However, it is always a best practice to have contemporaneous evidence of the intent to use EB-5 capital.
  • USCIS Defers to State Adjudications of TEAs: USCIS will review state determinations of TEAs to see whether they used reasonable methodologies, but will otherwise defer to state determinations.
  • Eventual Acquisition of an Asset Does Not Count as “At Risk” Investment: If the investor is individually guaranteed the right to eventual ownership or use of a particular asset in consideration of the capital contribution, then the expected present value of the guaranteed ownership or use does not count toward total amount of the investor’s capital contribution in determining the amount of money truly at risk.
  • Restructure or Reorganization Means (probably) a Total Remodel or Significant Addition: Plans to convert a restaurant into a nightclub or add crop production to a livestock operation would constitute restructuring. This seems to mean USCIS wants a complete remodeling or significant addition to the existing business. “Reasonable time” to Create Jobs at I-829 is Not a Free Pass: Investors need not have created all the jobs at the I-829 stage, but need to be in “substantial compliance” and show that they will create jobs “within a reasonable time.”  This is not an open-ended allowance, but does provide some flexibility. After this time, jobs will not be considered unless there is a force majeure. 
  • Material changes at I-829 stage? Don’t Fret: An individual investor can proceed with their Form I-829 petition to remove conditions even if within the time between I-526 approval and submission of the Form I-829 a material change occurred to the business plan.  As long as the investor can show that they satisfy the conditions for removal of conditions, USCIS may still issue an approval.

Federal Contractors: The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) E-Verify Clause Revisited – Critical Steps a Contractor Can Take To Foster E-Verify Compliance

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“Yes, we use E-Verify.” “Of course, our company is in compliance, we did an I-9 audit a few years ago – isn’t that the same as E-Verify?” “I know this is not an issue, because I remember being told we addressed all I-9 and E-Verify issues.” “No, the General Counsel’s office doesn’t handle immigration issues.”

You get the picture. Many companies simply do not take immigration compliance seriously. This failing usually does not come from a disinterest in compliance, but rather from a threshold failure to understand the intricacies involved in immigration issues or the potential exposure that could result from noncompliance. Only when faced with government investigations, public scrutiny, or other negative impacts on the business do the right people in the right places start to pay attention. When they learn that federal contractors can be suspended or debarred for failing to adhere to immigration and E-Verify related issues that attention is heightened.

It has been almost three years since the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) E-Verify clause (FAR 52.222-54) for federal contractors went into effect in September of 2009. E-Verify is a free, internet-based system that electronically verifies the work eligibility of new employees by comparing the Form I-9 related information employees submit with the records of theSocial Security Administration (SSA) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Close to 450,000 employers are now enrolled in E-Verify. While the Government does not charge contractors to use the program, companies should be cognizant of the operational costs associated with E-Verify, including costs connected to training, monitoring, and verifying compliance with the System. In the case of federal contractors, E-Verify must be used to verify all new employees as well as existing employees assigned to a contract. However, there is also an option available to verify an entire existing workforce upon receipt of a qualifying federal contract.

Not every federal contract, however, will be subject to the FAR E-Verify requirements. FAR 52.222-54 exempts federal contracts that include only commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) items (or minor modifications to a COTS item) and related services; contracts of less than the simplified acquisition threshold (currently $150,000); contracts that have a duration of less than 120 days; and contracts where all work is performed outside the United States. As defined in FAR 2.101, a COTS item is: (i) a commercial item, (ii) that is sold in substantial quantities in the commercial marketplace, and (iii) that is offered to the Government without modification as the product is available in the commercial marketplace. There are other employee-related exemptions that federal contractors should be familiar with, including employees hired before November 7, 1986, employees with specific security clearances, and employees that have previously been processed through E-Verify by the federal contractor.

Compliance is Non-Negotiable

To date, the Government has been fairly lackadaisical in its review of compliance in the E-Verify arena. Accordingly, it is not surprising that E-Verify compliance may not fall very high on a federal contractor’s list of legal concerns. However, with a comprehensive immigration reform package, that includes a mandatory E-Verify provision and new laws percolating in the States, contractors should reconsider their priorities. Increased enforcement is likely and a proactive review of current E-Verify related processes, including sub-contractor flow down, and other policies is recommended.

In fact, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), the agency that runs the E-Verify program, has beefed up its Monitoring & Compliance Branch’s activity to review to detect, deter, and reduce misuse, abuse, and fraud. And who can blame it? The agency clearly wants to be in a position to provide detailed E-Verify data and good-looking numbers to Congress as the immigration debate heats up in Washington, DC. Fortunately for USCIS, ample funding has been designated for the program. As a result, participants have benefited not only from an extraordinary increase in E-Verify resources and training aides, but also from immensely improved technology used in the system.

It is no surprise that along with the increased funding comes increased monitoring of usage. In fact, USCIS site visits and desk reviews appear to have escalated. A number of companies recently have received calls informing them they are not in compliance with E-Verify procedures. The calls are friendly and are sometimes coupled with an “offer of assistance” in the form of a USCIS visit. By the way, it is an offer you cannot refuse without being viewed as uncooperative – not a good thing for a Government contractor.

Such visits and calls from the USCIS’ Monitoring & Compliance Branch are to be taken very seriously. Accordingly, federal contractors not only should review and revise, but truly understand, the processes they have in place for E-Verify as well as the entire Form I-9 process. Such processes also should be tested periodically for accuracy and efficacy. Federal contractors should want to know whether their E-Verify policies actually are working in the field the way they are written on the paper. Nothing a company is doing should be a surprise to the general counsel’s office, and nothing in the E-Verify reports should read like a foreign language to the individuals charged with overseeing the system.

History is Cyclical

The pace of E-Verify implementation picked up incredibly in June of 2010 when the GSA announced a mass modification of all Federal Supply Schedule (FSS) contracts that mandated the incorporation of E-Verify. Federal contractors continued to do their best to comply promptly, but oversights and omissions were inevitable.

Almost three years later, things are quieter on the E-Verify front, but the obligations and risks remain. While Immigration and Customs Enforcement(ICE) certainly reviews E-Verify matters, we have seen few if any reviews of federal contractor programs. But this soon will change. DHS likely will refocus and retool its worksite with a particular focus on E-Verify and other types of immigration compliance if the system is made mandatory for all U.S. employers. After all, USCIS no longer will have to sell its system. Everyone will buy it; there is no one else to buy it from, and there will be no choice but to buy it. It will be just a matter of when one buys. Government contractors, as the first purchasers of E-Verify, should expect to be among the first non-compliance “examples” when the time comes.

The Realities of E-Verify for Federal Contractors

There is no doubt that E-Verify is a best practice. However, it is not a replacement for background checks and other post-employment screenings and safeguards monitoring the system. In fact, the E-Verify system is still very much prone to identity theft, and must internally be monitored for misuse and overall compliance. While the Government agrees that E-Verify usage creates a “rebuttable presumption” that a company has not knowingly hired an unauthorized alien, there still can be problems. In fact, employers may face civil and criminal liability if, based upon the totality of the circumstances, it can be established that they knowingly hired or continued to employ unauthorized workers. Remember, a federal contractor’s participation in E-Verify does not provide a safe harbor from worksite enforcement. The Department of Justice’s Office of Special Counsel (OSC) also takes E-Verify violations very seriously and continues to open investigations involving abuse of the system. Unlike its sister agencies OSC has taken a keen interest in reviewing E-Verify related matters. Most notably, many of the OSC’s investigations do not involve malice in intent but rather accidental misuse of the system.

Best Practices for Federal Contractor’s

While not an all-inclusive list, federal contractors would be well served by considering the following proactive steps:

  1. Provide bi-annual training to anyone who is a user in the system. As E-Verify ramps up its site visits and desk reviews, compliance is more important than ever. Ensure your I-9 compliance is also in shape, as the I-9 data feeds into the E-Verify system.
  2. Verify your company has a viable policy established to flow down the E-Verify requirement to your sub-contractors, vendors. E-Verify usage is a “flow down” requirement; prime contractors are required to take steps to ensure that subcontractors for services or construction of more than $3,000 also implement the rules. Regardless of the size of your company, verify this process and take the extra step of seeing how it works in practice.
  3. Create a sub-contractor verification system. While the scope of a prime contractor’s “flow down” responsibilities to subcontractors and identifying which subcontracts are subject to E-Verify were not clearly defined in the FAR regulation, many believe merely having a copy of the “E-Verify Enrollment Page” of the subcontractor will not be enough when things go wrong.
  4. Carefully review the E-Verify exemptions. Limited exemptions for COTS contracts, contracts where work is performed outside of the United States, and for employees with specific active security clearances exist but are often harder to segregate and rely on then general usage of E-Verify. Consistency is key in deciding when to use E-Verify.
  5. Review overall immigration and visa compliance. In today’s world, it is simply not acceptable for employers, particularly large ones, to rely on an “off-the-shelf” compliance approach. Policies, electronic I-9 and E-Verify systems all must be vetted and monitored. Audits that review overall immigration compliance programs should address E-Verify compliance risk factors. Moreover, an independently audited immigration compliance program, preserves attorney client privilege and could protect employers from debarment or involuntary suspension from the E-Verify program. Specifically such a review should include the company’s Form I-9s, visa processes and E-Verify reports.
  6. Review E-Verify Usage. Do not assume everything is working the way it is supposed to. Someone needs to roll up their sleeves, and get dirty; ensure all users are closing case correctly and ensure all users know how to process Tentative Non-Confirmation notices. Reviewing E-Verify reports should be an ongoing, frequently completed task for someone in the organization. If you use an electronic I-9 system, it is even more important that you review the status of cases as well as historical data as often as possible. E-Verify only works well if a company first understands the importance of Form I-9 compliance.
  7. Review your Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the USCIS. The E-Verify program requires companies to agree to certain conditions upon enrolling in the system via the MOU. Do not take these responsibilities lightly. Ensure the specifics of the E-Verify agreement are accurate and up to date. For example, does the company still have two hiring sites? Is the company no longer performing E-Verify from the centralized location noted in the MOU? Almost three years after the FAR E-Verify clause went into effect, we still run across government contractors that are not enrolled in the E-Verify program or not correctly enrolled. We also routinely run across large prime contractors that have not adequately implemented their E-Verify program and flow-down procedures.
  8. Consider the impact of E-Verify as it pertains to any Union presence the company may have. A careful review of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) claim that use of E-Verify should be bargained is something to be carefully reviewed by federal contractors and their affiliates.
  9. Ensure you track employees assigned to contracts if your entire workforce was not E-verified at the onset. It is critical to have someone charged with knowledge of which employees are assigned to a contract within the meaning of the regulations and a system in place to E-Verify any legacy employees that have not previously undergone verification.
  10. Review E-Verify in the context of your current corporate structure or in terms of a merger, acquisition or other restructuring. A careful assessment of a federal contractor E-Verify related responsibilities and the associated timelines involved during any restructuring must be carefully considered. It is also important to analyze which affiliated entities are considered under government contract for purposes of the E-Verify clause. An affiliate or subsidiary with a different EIN may not necessarily be subject to the E-Verify provisions.

Debarments and Other Penalties

Federal contractors will continue to be responsible for E-Verify compliance for the foreseeable future. The consequences of a failure to use the E-Verify program leading to the loss of current and future federal contracts should not be downplayed. Federal contractor compliance with the E-Verify MOU is a performance requirement under the terms of the federal contact. As such, termination of the contract for failure to perform is one potential consequence of noncompliance with the MOU. Suspension or debarment, of course, also may be a potential consequence where the violation suggests the contractor is not responsible. Indeed, the E-Verify program’s suspension and debarment enforcement activities are being ramped up. DHS already ranks high on the agency list for debarment numbers, leading with a significant number of non-procurement FAR debarments. In FY12, ICE alone debarred 142 businesses and 234 individuals. Federal contractors need to take this enforcement activity seriously as it likely will increase in the face of mandatory E-Verify.

In short, now is the time for companies proactively to review internal polices, perform the necessary risk assessments, conduct the Form I-9 exposure as well as anti-discrimination audits, and then take ownership of any changes or improvements that need to be made.

Department of State Releases June 2013 Visa Bulletin

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EB-2 category for all chargeable areas other than China and India remains current, with considerable forward movement—but continued backlog—in the EB-3 category for a second month in a row.

The U.S. Department of State (DOS) has released its June 2013 Visa Bulletin. The Visa Bulletin sets out per country priority date cutoffs that regulate the flow of adjustment of status (AOS) and consular immigrant visa applications. Foreign nationals may file applications to adjust their status to that of permanent resident or to obtain approval of an immigrant visa at a U.S. embassy or consulate abroad, provided that their priority dates are prior to the respective cutoff dates specified by the DOS.

What Does the June 2013 Visa Bulletin Say?

EB-1: All EB-1 categories remain current.

EB-2: Foreign nationals in the EB-2 category from all countries other than China and India remain current. A cutoff date of July 15, 2008, reflecting minor forward movement, has been imposed for foreign nationals in the EB-2 category from China. A cutoff date of September 1, 2004 remains in effect for foreign nationals in the EB-2 category from India.

EB-3: There is continued backlog in the EB-3 category for all countries, with considerable forward movement for EB-3 individuals chargeable to countries other than India and the Philippines.

The relevant priority date cutoffs for foreign nationals in the EB-3 category are as follows:

China: September 1, 2008 (forward movement of 275 days)

India: January 8, 2003 (forward movement of 17 days)
Mexico: September 1, 2008 (forward movement of 275 days)

Philippines: September 22, 2006 (forward movement of 7 days)

Rest of the World: September 1, 2008 (forward movement of 275 days)

Developments Affecting the EB-2 Employment-Based Category

Mexico, the Philippines, and the Rest of the World

In November 2012, the EB-2 category for individuals chargeable to all countries other than China and India became current. This meant that EB-2 individuals chargeable to countries other than China and India could file an AOS application or have the application approved on or after November 1, 2012. The June Visa Bulletin indicates that the EB-2 category will continue to remain current for these individuals through June 2013.

China

The June Visa Bulletin indicates a cutoff date of July 15, 2008 for EB-2 individuals chargeable to China. This means that EB-2 individuals chargeable to China with a priority date prior to July 15, 2008 may file an AOS application or have the application approved on or after June 1, 2013.

India

Since October 2012, the cutoff date for EB-2 individuals chargeable to India has been September 1, 2004. The June Visa Bulletin indicates no movement of this cutoff date. This means that EB-2 individuals chargeable to India with a priority date prior to September 1, 2004 may file an AOS application or have the application approved through June 2013.

Developments Affecting the EB-3 Employment-Based Category

The May Visa Bulletin announced that the cutoff dates for EB-3 individuals chargeable to most countries had advanced significantly in an attempt to generate demand and fully utilize the annual numerical limits for the category. The June Visa Bulletin indicates that the cutoff dates for EB-3 individuals chargeable to most countries have advanced significantly for a second month in a row. The June Visa Bulletin notes that this forward movement is not indicative of what can be expected in the future, and that rapid forward movement in cutoff dates is often followed by a dramatic increase in demand for numbers within the following three to six months. If such demand materializes, such movement in cutoff dates may slow, or stop, for a period of time.

China

The May Visa Bulletin indicated a cutoff date of December 1, 2007 for EB-3 individuals chargeable to China. The June Visa Bulletin indicates a cutoff date of September 1, 2008 for these individuals, reflecting forward movement of 275 days. This means that EB-3 individuals chargeable to China with a priority date prior to September 1, 2008 may file an AOS application or have the application approved on or after June 1, 2013.

India

Additionally, the May Visa Bulletin indicated a cutoff date of December 22, 2002 for EB-3 individuals chargeable to India. The June Visa Bulletin indicates a cutoff date of January 8, 2003 for these individuals, reflecting forward movement of 17 days. This means that EB-3 individuals chargeable to India with a priority date prior to January 8, 2003 may file an AOS application or have the application approved on or after June 1, 2013.

Rest of the World

The May Visa Bulletin also indicated a cutoff date of December 1, 2007 for EB-3 individuals chargeable to the Rest of the World. The June Visa Bulletin indicates a cutoff date of September 1, 2008 for these individuals, reflecting forward movement of 275 days. This means that individuals chargeable to all countries other than China and India with a priority date prior to September 1, 2008 may file an AOS application or have the application approved on or after June 1, 2013.

How This Affects You

Priority date cutoffs are assessed on a monthly basis by the DOS, based on anticipated demand. Cutoff dates can move forward or backward or remain static. Employers and employees should take the immigrant visa backlogs into account in their long-term planning and take measures to mitigate their effects. To see the June 2013 Visa Bulletin in its entirety, please visit the DOS website here.

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Travel Alert: Students and H-1B Visa Cap

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Now that the stress and anxiety of H-1B cap is over, F-1 students whose H-1B petitions have been selected and are pending (or even approved) are likely wondering if they can travel this summer. It appears that the answer to that question is ‘no’ for F-1 students who are relying on the cap-gap provision. The cap-gap provision automatically extends F-1 status and employment authorization until October 1, 2013 for those F-1 students whose H-1B cap petition was filed before their F-1 status expired.

Current USCIS guidance indicates that F-1 students will lose cap-gap benefits if they travel internationally during the cap-gap period. This means that if an F-1 student travels outside the United States during the cap-gap extension period, he or she will not be able to return to the United States in valid F-1 status and will need to wait until September 2013 to re-enter the United States in H-1B status.

Because an H-1B beneficiary may enter the United States up to 10 days prior to the start date of their approved H-1B visa period, F-1 visa holders who wish to travel may take a trip in September so that they can apply for the H-1B visa at a U.S. consular post abroad and return to the United States on or after September 20. However, it should also be noted that the earliest that the foreign national can start employment in H-1B status is October 1, 2013.

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U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) EB-5 Engagement with Securities and Exchange Commission

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On April 3, 2013, representatives from the Staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) participated with the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) in an EB-5 stakeholder conference call opened by Rob Silvers, counsel to the USCIS Director Mayorkas.  Present from the Staff were representatives from four Divisions – Corporation Finance, Trading and Markets, Investment Management and Enforcement.  The call was intended to provide general information to stakeholders.

In general, the Staff members confirmed the application of various securities laws to EB-5 programs.  For many in the EB-5 industry, the views expressed will be unwelcome news, as many have been operating under the assumption that some or all of the securities laws that apply to other investment programs do not apply to EB-5 programs.  For experienced securities lawyers working on EB-5 programs, however, the call broke no new ground but did serve as a confirmation of the advice we have been giving our clients.

Some notes about SEC Staff Interpretations

The Staff members on the call provided the standard disclaimer given in every public talk — that the views expressed represented their own and not necessarily those of the Commission as a whole.  Despite this disclaimer, Staff members are careful in their public speaking, and generally speak only considered views that have been adopted by the senior leadership of the SEC.

When considering Staff interpretations, it is important to note the structure of United States securities laws.  Federal securities laws represent various statutes passed by Congress and amended from time to time.[1] These laws frequently call upon the SEC to adopt formal implementing regulations.  In addition, the SEC Staff routinely provides informal interpretations of the securities laws and the regulations through various means.  In addition, all fifty states have their own securities laws, known as blue sky laws, and except in limited instances of federal preemption, these blue sky laws apply in addition to the federal laws.  Experienced securities lawyers will advise clients based on all of these sources of law.  However, not all of these sources of law have the same legal weight, and in particular, the views of the Staff do not necessarily represent positions that would ultimately prevail in a civil lawsuit brought by the SEC or a private plaintiff, or in a criminal action brought by the Department of Justice.  Nonetheless, the Staff’s views are often persuasive in court, and at a minimum, one can expect substantial legal expenses and regulatory entanglement from operating in a manner contrary to Staff interpretations.

Various speaker notes

The Division of Corporate Finance representative confirmed that federal securities laws apply to transactions in securities.  The SEC noted that the definition of “securities” is very broad, and likely includes most if not all of the investment vehicles used in the EB‑5 program.  The Securities Act of 1933 provides that all offers and sales of securities must be registered with the SEC unless an exemption from registration applies.  EB-5 offerings are frequently conducted in accordance with two exemptions — Regulation D, applicable to private placements of securities, and/or Regulation S, applicable to sales to non-U.S. persons.[2] Each of these exemptions has a number of requirements that must be satisfied.  The representative discussed an important condition of Regulation D – the prohibition on general solicitation (for example, advertising, publicly accessible web sites or conducting seminars where the general public is invited).  The representative noted that the SEC has proposed regulations under the JOBS Act to lift the ban on general solicitation in certain circumstances, but until such regulations are adopted, general solicitation will disqualify an offering from Regulation D.  The representative could not predict when such regulations will be adopted.  The representative noted an important caveat that an exemption from registration requirements does not mean that the offering is exempt from other provisions of the securities laws.  In particular, exempt offerings are subject to the anti-fraud provisions of the securities laws.

The Trading and Market Division representative focused on the laws requiring persons engaged in the business of engaged in the business of effecting transactions in securities for the account of others to register as broker-dealers.  The representative expressed a broad view of the types of conduct that trigger the requirement to register as a broker-dealer.  The representatives stated that in general, if someone is involved in the sale and offering of EB-5 investments and is compensated based on the success of the offering – a “salesman’s interest” in the program – that person is most likely engaging in brokerage activities which trigger the obligation to register as a broker-dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (1934 Act).  The representative also provided a very broad view of the jurisdiction of the SEC to enforce broker-dealer requirements for persons soliciting foreign investments.  In the view of the SEC Staff, any activities using United States means of commerce, such as telephone calls made from the U.S., are likely sufficient to invoke U.S. jurisdiction for activities that require broker-dealer registration, regardless of whether the investors are foreign persons.  In response to questions, the Staff representatives noted that:

  • the Staff does not believe that the Supreme Court’s decision in Morrison v. National Australia Bank, Ltd. limiting the extra-territorial application of another section of the 1934 Act is an impediment to their enforcement activities, and
  • the broker-deal registration laws apply equally to solicitation of issuers (as opposed to investors) from within the United States.

The Trading and Market Division representative also discussed the applicability of broker-dealer registration laws to persons employed by Regional Centers to conduct offerings for the account of the Regional Center, and the availability of Rule 3a4-1 as a non-exclusive exemption from registration requirements for such persons.

The Investment Management Division representative addressed applicability of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and the Investment Company Act of 1940 to EB-5 programs.  The representative noted that individuals and entities that do not fall into the broker-dealer category will often be required to register under the Investment Advisers Act if they provide investment advice for compensation.  The representative noted that anti-fraud provisions apply to investment advisors, and investment advisers have fiduciary duties to their clients, including the duty to disclose all conflicts of interest.

The representative also stated that Regional Centers which pool investments for third parties and that hold securities likely are investment companies that need to register under the Investment Company Act absent an available exemption.  The representative discussed three exemptions that might be available to Regional Centers:

  • the 3(c)(1) exemption for an investment company with no more than 100 investors that is not making a public offering;
  • the 3(c)(7) exemption for qualified purchases, who must meet a significantly higher net worth standard than accredited investors; and
  • the 3(a)(2) exemption for government securities, which may apply if the Regional Center is sponsored by a governmental agency.

The Division of Enforcement representative discussed the February 2013 enforcement action brought against the Chicago Convention Center project.  The representative focused on the allegations in that case that the defendants made false representations to USCIS as part of a scheme to defraud investors.  He noted that false statements about the ability of a project to create jobs may be fraudulent under the securities laws.  He also noted that anti-fraud provisions apply not only to misstatements but also to omissions of material information.

[1] Examples of amendments include the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act.

[2] The SEC did not speak about state blue sky laws, as those are outside the SEC’s jurisdiction.  However, we note that some states do not have any exemption for programs that are excluded from federal registration requirements under Regulation S.  This is currently a significant issue for programs that do not comply with Regulation D, such as by employing general solicitation in the offer and sale of the securities.

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Automation of U.S. Customs & Border Protection (CBP) Form I-94 and Release of New Immigration Form I-9

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Visitors to the United States May Need to Print Form I-94 Arrival/Departure Records

U.S. Customs & Border Protection (CBP) will begin a new program on April 30, 2013 that will end issuance of paper Form I-94 Arrival/Departure Records for many visitors. Foreign visitors arriving in the United States via air or sea who need to prove their lawful immigration status will be required to access their arrival information online and print their own Form I-94 Arrival/Departure Records (Form I-94). A hard copy of Form I-94 is required to begin employment, apply for a Social Security Number, and obtain a driver’s license or identification document.

CBP indicated that it expects this automation to save the government an estimated $15.5 million per year. Because advance information is transmitted only for air and sea travelers, CBP will continue to issue paper Forms I-94 at land border ports of entry.

CBP will phase in the I-94 automation at air and sea ports of entry in April and May. Foreign visitors will continue to receive a paper I-94 until the automated process arrives at their port of entry. If a visitor does not receive a paper Form I-94 record to verify immigration status or employment authorization, the record number and other admission information will be available here. A CBP officer will stamp the travel document (passport) of each arriving nonimmigrant traveler showing the date of admission, class of admission and the date until which the traveler is admitted. The visitor will not need to print Form I-94 to provide to the government upon departure. A CBP Fact Sheet may be found here.

All U.S. Employers Required to Use New Employment Eligibility Verification Form I-9 as of May 7, 2013

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) will require all U.S. employers to use its revised Employment Eligibility Verification Form I-9 as of May 7, 2013. All employers are required to complete an Employment Eligibility Verification Form I-9 (Form I-9) for each new employee hired in the United States. The updated Form (Revision Date 03/08/13) includes new information fields and has been expanded to two pages. USCIS has stated that the new formatting will reduce errors and provide clearer instructions for both employees and employers. The List of Acceptable Documents has not changed.

Employers should NOT require current employees to complete the new Form I-9. The new Form will be used only for new employees or when reverifying the work authorization for current employees. The new employee may complete the Form after acceptance of the job offer, and no later than the first date of hire. The new instructions confirm that an employer has three business days to complete the Form; in the case of reverification, the employer must re-verify the document(s) before the work authorization expires.

The new Form I-9 does NOT change any requirements relating to remote hires. USCIS’s position is that the employer representative who signs the attestation must be the same person who physically examines each original document to determine if it reasonably appears to be genuine and relates to the employee. An employer with remote hires may delegate the verification to a person who serves as an agent of the employer, but that agent must examine the documents and complete Section 2 or Section 3 of the Form I-9. The employer retains the liability for the actions of the agent.

A Spanish language version of the new Form is also available on the USCIS website for use in Puerto Rico only. Spanish-speaking employers and employees in the 50 states, Washington, DC, and other U.S. territories may refer to the Spanish version but must complete the English-language version of the Form.

Employers may receive monetary fines for all substantive and uncorrected technical Form I-9 violations. Penalties for these violations, which include failure to utilize the correct version of the Form I-9, range from $110 to $1,100 per violation.

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New I-9 Form Required by May 8, 2013

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Effective May 8, 2013, employers are required to use an updated version of the I-9 form when verifying employee work authorization. The new I-9s will not be required for previously verified employees, only new hires and employees requiring reverification. Failure to use the updated I-9 form following the implementation date may result in fines ranging from $110 to $1,100 for each incorrect form.

As many employers are aware, I-9 forms must be completed to document the identity and employment authorization of all new hires. Section 1 of the I-9 must be completed by the employee on the first day of employment, and Section 2 completed by the employer within three business days thereof. Section 3 (Reverification and Rehires) need only be completed by the employer when reverifying that an employee is authorized to work or when an employee is rehired within 3 years of the date the I-9 was originally completed.

Revisions to the new I-9 form are threefold: (1) new format, (2) clearer instructions, and (3) additional data fields.

  1. Format: The updated I-9 has a new two-page format, which should be easier for employers to use. The first page of the form relates to employee information and certification, while the second page consists of the employer verification and reverification.
  2. Instructions: Additionally, the updated I-9’s instructions provide a more detailed explanation of the information required of employees and employers to properly complete the form.
  3. Data Fields: Finally, the new I-9 asks for several new pieces of information from employees, including email address, telephone number, and foreign passport information. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services’ request for additional employee contact information suggests that the agency may be more inclined to directly contact employees for information moving forward. Employees are not required to provide such information, however. The employee email address and telephone number fields are optional.

The updated I-9 form is available for download here.

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Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013

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The first major immigration proposal in several years contains sweeping changes, with the president potentially signing a version by mid-June.

On April 17, a bipartisan group of senators known as the “Gang of Eight” introduced the first major immigration proposal in several years, aimed at comprehensively overhauling the nation’s immigration laws. The group of lawmakers—Senators Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.), John McCain (R-Ariz), Richard Durbin (D-Ill.), Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.), Robert Menendez (D-N.J.), Marco Rubio (R-Fla.), Michael Bennet (D-Colo.), and Jeff Flake (R-Ariz.)—met in numerous closed-door sessions over the last several months to hammer out differences on a wide range of issues, from border security to H-1B program changes. The 844-page proposal, S. 744, can be viewed here.

Hearings on the bill will begin on April 19, and the legislation could be marked up as early as May. Assuming the Senate approves the bill by a sufficiently wide majority, and if there are no major obstacles in the House of Representatives, President Barack Obama could sign a version of comprehensive immigration reform by mid-June. Most of the provisions of the bill would take effect 180 days after the bill is signed by President Obama.

The Senate bill contains sweeping changes that are difficult to distill completely in a summary. Moreover, it is important to bear in mind that any final bill that Congress sends to President Obama for signature may contain major alterations from the Senate proposal. However, some of the major highlights of the Senate bill are provided below.

Border Security and Legalization

  • S. 744 provides for the creation of a registered provisional immigrant (RPI) program to legalize undocumented immigrants who have been physically present in the United States (except for certain absences) since December 31, 2011. Certain individuals who were present in the United States before that date but who were deported for noncriminal reasons may also apply, provided they have family members living in the United States. The spouse and minor children of an applicant for this program may apply, provided they meet the requirements. In order to be eligible, an applicant must not have been convicted of a serious crime, must pass a background check, must pay any assessed tax liability, and must pay application fees and a $500 fine. Initial registration will be valid for six years and subject to renewal. An RPI will receive unrestricted work authorization and travel permission. An employer who knows that an employee has applied for RPI status will not be in violation of the law if the employer continues to employ the applicant while the application is pending.
  • RPIs will be permitted to become lawful permanent residents (LPRs) (green card holders) after 10 years, provided that certain border security milestones are reached and current employment and family immigration backlogs are cleared. The proposal requires the secretary of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to develop a “Comprehensive Southern Border Security Strategy” and a “Southern Border Fencing Strategy,” and both must be operational before RPIs may become LPRs. RPIs may become citizens after having been LPRs for three years.
  • Undocumented individuals who (i) entered the United States before the age of 16, (ii) completed high school or the equivalent, and (iii) completed at least two years toward a bachelor’s degree or served in the U.S. military for four years may obtain RPI status and apply for permanent residence after five years without penalties or border security triggers. These individuals may also apply for citizenship as soon as they obtain their green cards. This provision is commonly known as the DREAM Act.
  • Undocumented agricultural workers who can demonstrate that they worked a minimum of 100 work days or 575 hours in the two years prior to enactment may be eligible for a “Blue Card,” and undocumented agricultural workers who work for at least 100 days a year for five years or 150 days a year for three years may become LPRs.

Changes to Legal Immigration

  • S. 744 proposes to create two “merit-based” immigration systems. These systems will exist in parallel with the current employment and family-based systems, as amended by the bill. “Merit-based points track one” will set aside 120,000 immigrant or permanent resident visas annually (with a possible increase up to 250,000) for individuals who can demonstrate that they have sufficient points to qualify. Points will be awarded for factors such as education, achievement, employment, family in the United States, and length of residence. Half of the points-based visas will be for high-skilled workers and half will be for lesser-skilled workers. “Merit-based track two” will be a system for allocation of immigrant visas to clear out the backlog of long-pending employment-based and family-based cases filed prior to enactment.
  • S. 744 proposes to eliminate the per country quota limits on employment-based immigrant (green card) visas. This provision will benefit nationals of India and China who are disproportionately affected by these limits due to the large number of immigrants who come to the United States from these two countries. The bill will also increase from 7% to 15% the per country quota limits for family-based immigrants.
  • The diversity visa lottery will be eliminated.
  • Spouses and children of LPRs will be considered to be immediate relatives and will be eligible to immigrate immediately to the United States.
  • The sibling category of family immigration will be phased out in 18 months.
  • A new temporary visa, the V visa, will allow families with approved immigrant petitions to come to the United States temporarily while awaiting final permanent residence processing.
  • Certain categories will be exempt from the annual cap on permanent employment-based immigration. The exempted groups include spouses and children of employment-based visa applicants, foreign nationals with extraordinary ability, outstanding professors and researchers, foreign nationals with doctoral degrees, and certain foreign physicians.
  • Foreign nationals with master’s degrees in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) will be exempt from labor certification. Note that the list of STEM degrees in the current proposal does not include the life sciences.
  • The EB-5 program, which grants green cards to certain investors, will be permanently reauthorized. Other special programs for doctors and religious workers will also be reauthorized.

Employment Verification

  • S. 744 provides for the replacement of Form I-9 with a new form, which includes a reduction in the number and types of acceptable identity and employment eligibility documents.
  • A new mandatory electronic Employment Verification System (EVS) based on the current E-Verify system will include an enhanced photo tool that incorporates U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, State Department, and enhanced driver’s license photos. Use of the system will be required for all employers, and the system will be phased in over a five-year period, based on the size of the employer:
    • Employers with more than 5,000 employees: two years after regulations are published
    • Employers with more than 500 employees: three years after regulations are published
    • All other employers: no later than four years after regulations are published
    • Critical infrastructure employers: no later than one year after regulations are published
  • S. 744 expands and clarifies employer good-faith defenses for paperwork and de minimis violations. At the same time, the proposal contains significant increases for the following: civil penalties for violations based on knowingly violating the unlawful employment provisions or the employment verification provisions of the act; criminal penalties for egregious violations of the act combined with federal wage and hour or Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) violations; civil and criminal sanctions for pattern or practice violations combined with federal wage and hour or OSHA violations; and employer sanctions for unlawful discrimination on the basis of national origin or citizenship or for unfair immigration-related employment practices.
  • Most state and local government laws that seek to sanction employers for the employment of unauthorized aliens will be preempted, but states will be permitted to tie licensing authority to the proper use of EVS.
  • The Social Security Administration will be required to develop a new fraud-, tamper-, and identity theft–resistant Social Security card within five years of enactment.

Changes to Temporary Immigration

  • S. 744 will increase the annual cap on new H-1B petitions starting in the 2015 fiscal year from 65,000 to 110,000 and will allow this cap to be increased to a maximum of 180,000 new petitions annually, based on a “high skilled jobs demand index.” The 20,000 cap for holders of advanced degrees from U.S. universities will be replaced with a 25,000 cap for holders of advanced degrees in STEM fields from U.S. universities. The bill also will impose new recruiting and nondisplacement requirements on all H-1B employers.
  • Limits will be placed on the number of H-1B and L-1 workers an employer may employ. If the employer employs 50 or more employees, the percentage of its workforce comprising H-1B workers may not exceed 75% in 2015, 65% in 2016, and 50% after 2016 (“intending immigrants” will not be included in these calculations).
  • H-1B “dependent” employers of H-1B workers (generally, employers whose H-1B workers amount to 15% or more of the total workforce) will have new stringent wage obligations, increased filing fees, additional recruitment obligations, and a prohibition on “outplacement” of H-1B workers.
  • Certain H-4 spouses of H-1B nonimmigrants will be granted employment authorization.
  • “Deference” will be granted to prior approvals of H-1B and L-1 petitions. This means that extension petitions filed by the same petitioners for the same employees should not be denied absent a finding of material error, changed circumstances, or new material information.
  • Terminated H-1B employees will be granted a 60-day grace period from termination, during which they will be considered to be in legal status.
  • Visa revalidation (obtaining a visa renewal) while remaining in the United States will be made available to A, E, G, H, I, L, N, O, P, R, and W nonimmigrants.
  • A new $500 “STEM education and training” fee will be payable for labor certification applications.
  • A prohibition on the “outplacement” of L-1 workers will be introduced.
  • The requirements for approval of an L-1 petition for employment at a “new office” will be significantly heightened.
  • “Dual intent” will be permitted for F-1 students, removing the prohibition on immigrant intent for such students.
  • Portability, or the ability to accept employment with a new employer upon the filing of a nonimmigrant petition, will be made available to O-1 nonimmigrants as it is currently for H-1B nonimmigrants.
  • For most temporary work visa categories, employees in these categories may continue to work for the same employer during the pendency of any extension of stay.
  • S. 744 will extend visa eligibility based on Free Trade Agreements to nationals of Ireland (E-3 visa) and Korea (E-5 visa) and will allow the president to extend eligibility to nationals of other countries upon signing Free Trade Agreements in the future with such countries (E-4 visa). Unlike the E-3 visa classification currently available to nationals of Australia, which is reserved for persons with bachelor’s or higher degrees, the new E-3 visa for Irish nationals will be available to non-degreed individuals. The bill will also provide a special exemption for all E visa applicants who have previously violated U.S. immigration law, making it easier for such persons to obtain a waiver of inadmissibility.
  • A new visa category, W or new worker visa, will be created. This will be available to lesser-skilled foreign workers performing services or labor for a registered employer in a registered position (possibly excluding “computer occupations”) and will be valid for three years, with extensions available in three-year periods. 20,000 W visas will be available initially; this will be increased to 75,000 within four years, with an increase of up to 200,000 being available based on various indices. W workers working in “shortage occupations” will be exempt from the cap. Spouses and children of W nonimmigrants will be granted employment authorization. W-2 and W-3 visa categories will also be created for temporary agricultural workers to replace the H-2A program. These categories will not allow spouses and children to accompany the worker.
  • Special visa categories will be created for Canadian retirees and other retirees who purchase property, but who will not work, in the United States.
  • The INVEST nonimmigrant visa will be created. This will be available to overseas entrepreneurs who plan to start their own companies in the United States and who can demonstrate that at least $100,000 has been invested in the relevant business or that such a business has generated no fewer than three jobs and $250,000 in revenue. The INVEST visa will be valid for three years and may be extended if the entrepreneur can meet certain job creation and revenue benchmarks. An INVEST immigrant visa (green card) will be made available if the entrepreneur can meet certain job creation and revenue benchmarks.

As mentioned above, S. 744 will likely go through many changes as it moves through Congress in the legislative process. We will continue to monitor and inform our clients of new developments on this proposed legislation.

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“Gang of Eight” Senators Introduce Comprehensive Immigration Reform Legislation

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On April 17th, the group of Senators known as the “Gang of Eight” introduced the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013, a comprehensive immigration reform bill, in the U.S. Senate. This bipartisan measure includes significant and wide-ranging changes to the nation’s current immigration system, including a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants and key structural changes to temporary visas and employment verification requirements, as well as a new visa for low-skilled labor. Below is a summary of the key changes proposed in the new legislation, was also presented by the “Gang of Eight” in a press conference today. Greenberg Traurig will continue to monitor developments surrounding comprehensive immigration reform and provide additional updates about issue-specific proposals as we continue to assess the proposed changes contemplated by this bill.

Legalization for Undocumented Immigrants

The proposed legislation would permit unlawfully present individuals who entered the U.S. on or prior to December 31, 2011 to obtain Registered Provisional Immigrant (RPI) status. Such individuals would need to pay a penalty and back taxes. However, they would be permitted to apply for Legal Permanent Resident (LPR) status after ten years as well as eventual naturalization. Agricultural workers and DREAM Act-eligible applicants would receive the benefit of expedited eligibility for the benefits above.

Family-Based Immigration

The proposed legislation would transfer the FB-2A visa category applicable to the spouses and children of U.S. Legal Permanent Residents to the FB-2A category currently in effect for the immediate relatives of U.S. citizens, eliminate the FB-4 category for the siblings of U.S. citizens, and limit the age of eligibility for the married children of U.S. citizens to 31 years old. The bill would also reinstate the V visa for the spouses and children of Lawful Permanent Residents.

Employment-Based Immigration

The proposed legislation would exempt EB-1 immigrants, individuals with doctoral degrees, physicians who have completed the foreign residency requirements and derivatives from the annual quota. A new EB-6 category for certain classes of entrepreneurs would also be introduced.

H-1B Non-Immigrant Visas

The proposed legislation would increase the current annual quota of 65,000 H-1B visas to 110,000, with a yearly ceiling of 180,000 visas. The bill would increase the number of visas available to holders of advanced degrees from the current 20,000 visas to 25,000, with the caveat that this allotment be allocated toward STEM graduates only. The H-1B application process would also undergo major structural changes, including the introduction of a recruitment requirement for all Labor Condition Applications on a website managed by the U.S. Department of Labor, a non-displacement attestation, and a change to formula for calculating the prevailing wage. Significantly, H-4 dependents would also have access to employment authorization and H-1B holders would enjoy a 60-day grace period to find new sponsorship after termination.

Low and Lesser Skilled Labor

The new legislation aims to create a W visa for lesser-skilled non-agricultural workers (W-1), temporary agricultural workers who perform work under a written contract (W-2), and “at-will” workers who receive a full-time employment offer in an agricultural field (W-3). The new W visa program would supplant the current H-2A agricultural worker program.

Immigration Compliance

The new legislation would make E-Verify, the federal government’s Web-based employment eligibility verification system, mandatory for all employers across the nation. The phase-in period, ranging from 90 days to 4 years, would vary according to the company’s number of employees. In addition, the bill includes language indicating that employers will be presumed to have knowingly hired an unauthorized worker if they do not verify the individual’s work authorization via E-Verify after their mandatory enrollment date. The new bill would also permit employers to utilize a three-day grace period for re-verifying the work authorization of employees with expired work authorization. It also calls for the Social Security Administration (SSA) to create tamper-resistant Social Security Cards to combat document fraud.

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