Category: Contracts

ICC Conference Cross-Border Sales – April 19, 2012

The National Law Review is pleased to bring you information about the upcoming ICC Conference Cross-Border Sales in London April 19, 2012:

What is the Best Legal Framework for Business-to-Business Contracts?

Thursday, 19 April 2012
London, United Kingdom

Objective

The contract of sale is certainly the most commonly used agreement in international commerce. When drafting a sales contract or general conditions of sale (or purchase) to be used in cross border trade, it is essential to choose the legal framework (applicable law) within which the agreement is to be placed.

Choosing one solution instead of another may have very important effects on the rights and obligations of the parties. Parties therefore need to have the information which is necessary in order to make the best possible choice between the various alternatives.

The speakers will examine and discuss on one side the project of a Common European Sales Law, which has been recently proposed by the European Commission, and on the other side the CISG (Vienna Sales Convention), which is the law applicable to cross-border sales in most countries of the world.

Members of the ICC task force that has been revising the ICC Model International Sales Contract will also take the opportunityto discuss their approach and present issues that have been the subject of relevant discussion.

Who should attend?

Legal directors and corporate counsel from companies involved in international trade, practising lawyers, legal practitioners advising international trading companies, business people involved in international trade and dispute resolution

The Expansion of the Jurisdiction of the DIFC Courts – United Arab Emirates

The National Law Review posted an article recently by Christopher R. Williams and Marc-Anthony Deeby of Bracewell & Giuliani LLP regarding the Jurisdiction of the DIFC Courts:

Historically, the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) Courts which consist of a Small Claims Tribunal, Court of First Instance and Court of Appeal, have had limited jurisdiction to hear disputes and were initially intended to act solely as a forum to settle civil or commercial disputes between entities registered in the DIFC.  Specifically, parties not registered in the DIFC or who entered into contracts in the UAE without a nexus to the DIFC were not able to opt into the DIFC Courts jurisdiction and would typically be subject to the jurisdiction of the UAE Courts.

Before describing the significance of recent changes in respect of the jurisdiction of the DIFC Courts, it is important to consider the jurisdiction of the UAE courts.In general terms, the UAE Courts have a significant jurisdictional net.

Whilst parties are in theory free to choose (pursuant to the provisions of the UAE Civil Code) the law and governing jurisdiction of their commercial arrangements, in practice this is not the case.

The UAE Courts are incredibly guarded in respect of their jurisdiction. Consequently where commercial or civil disputes with a nexus (whether, for example, by virtue of place of contract performance or the identity of the contracting parties) to the UAE have been subject to foreign law and jurisdiction clauses, and overseas litigation, a party seeking to enforce an overseas judgment in such circumstances in the UAE has typically been frustrated. This is generally a result of the UAE Courts determining that the subject matter of such overseas judgment should have been within the confines of their jurisdiction. Consequently, in such cases, overseas judgments have not been automatically enforced but instead have been subject to an effective “retrial” by the UAE Courts, in effect defeating the purpose of the award of the overseas judgment.

For established international businesses well versed in litigation matters in developed common law jurisdictions such as the US and UK, the UAE court system can be a daunting prospect for the reasons detailed below:

  • The UAE Courts system is civil law based and does not have a developed principal of binding precedent. In turn this can give rise to inconsistent judgments;
  • The entire UAE court process is undertaken using the Arabic language. Importantly, this extends to all documentation related to the claim being translated and interpreted in the Arabic language. Consequently, it is our experience that this leads to issues of legal concepts and principals being “lost in translation”; and
  • From a practical perspective, restrictions on rights of audience in the UAE Courts prevents a significant proportion of international law firms from being able to represent their clients in the court process. As such, for many clients involved in contentious matters in the UAE Courts, there will be an additional cost and administrative burden of having two sets of counsel involved in a dispute.

In light of this context, the recently announced changes in respect of the jurisdiction of the DIFC Courts (as more particularly detailed below) have been broadly welcomed by Dubai’s international legal community.

The New Law – Expanding the Jurisdiction of the DIFC Courts

On 31 October 2011 Law No. 16 of 2011 amending law No. 12 of 2004 (the “Law”) was enacted.

Specifically the Law (under Article 5) grants exclusive jurisdiction to the DIFC Court of First Instance to hear and determine:

  • Civil or commercial claims and actions to which the DIFC or any DIFC Body, DIFC Establishment or Licensed DIFC Establishment is a party;
  • Civil or commercial claims and actions arising out of or relating to a contract or promised contract, whether partly or wholly concluded, finalised or performed within the DIFC or will be performed or is supposed to be performed within the DIFC or will be performed or is supposed to be performed within the DIFC pursuant to express or implied terms stipulated in the contract;
  • Civil or commercial claims and actions arising out of or relating to any incident or transaction which has been wholly or partly performed within the DIFC and is related to DIFC activities;
  • Appeals against decisions or procedures made by the DIFC Bodies where DIFC Laws and DIFC Regulations permit such appeals; and
  • Any claim or action over which the Courts have jurisdiction in accordance with DIFC Laws and DIFC Regulations.

In addition, the Court of First Instance may hear and determine any civil or commercial claims or actions where the parties agree in writing to file such claim or action with it whether before or after a dispute arises, provided always that such agreement is made pursuant to clear and express provisions.

DIFC Courts – The Litigation Benefits

The passing of the Law means that parties no longer require a nexus with the DIFC in order to utilise the DIFC Courts. Now parties can freely contract to have their civil and commercial disputes heard by the DIFC Courts, save where jurisdiction vests with an alternative competent authority. For example an attempt to circumvent the jurisdiction of the specially created Commercial Agency Committee and UAE Courts in respect of a dispute relating to a UAE commercial agency agreement registered pursuant to the UAE’s Commercial Agency Law would not be binding.

The principal benefits of the DIFC Courts are that:

  • The court system is based on common law, with binding precedent and procedures which borrow heavily from the English Civil Procedure Rules;
  • Court proceedings are undertaken in the English language;
  • International lawyers registered with the DIFC Courts can appear before the courts and local counsel are not required; and
  • The system allows a successful litigant to claim their legal fees from the losing party.  By comparison in the UAE Courts, it is very rare for legal fees to be awarded to a successful litigant by a judge.

On the binding precedent point, it is clear that as the DIFC Court’s system matures so will its body of case law. In the interim the DIFC Court’s judiciary has the ability to call on English common law precedent to help determine DIFC Law governed matters.

Enforcement of DIFC Judgments in the UAE

The Law clearly specifies that a DIFC Court judgment be automatically enforced in the Dubai Courts. Whilst there was initial concern in respect of whether a DIFC Court’s judgments would be enforced in neighbouring emirates, recent announcements seem to have quelled such concern.

Memoranda of understanding with respect to the recognition and enforcement of DIFC Court’s judgments have been signed with the courts in Ras Al Khaimah and the UAE Federal Ministry of Justice. We further understand that the DIFC Courts are in discussions with the Abu Dhabi Courts in respect of entering into a similar recognition and enforcement arrangement. With the same in mind, we will be keeping a “watching brief” on the progress of this issue and will provide additional updates as required.

Conclusion

From an international standpoint, the extension of the jurisdiction of the DIFC Courts particularly for international businesses contracting in the UAE is a welcome development, providing a common law alternative to the current civil law courts system.

In addition it is a desirable expansion of the international dispute resolution forums in the UAE and may prove an interesting alternative to the DIFC’s arbitration centre.

Notwithstanding the distinct positives flowing from the Law, it is our view that the success of the DIFC Courts from a pure UAE dispute resolution perspective, will very much be determined by the willingness of UAE nationals and Emirati controlled businesses consenting to the resolution of commercial and civil disputes other than through the UAE Courts. As such, only time will tell as to whether these changes will have a marked effect on the local dispute resolution market.

© 2012 Bracewell & Giuliani LLP

Contractual Good Faith: Having Rights Doesn't Necessarily Mean You Can Use Them

Recently in The National Law Review an article by Anthony C. Valiulis and Melinda J. Morales of Much Shelist, P.C. regarding Contractual Rights:  

It can be a painful lesson to learn: just because you have discretion to do something under a contract does not mean you can exercise those rights anytime you want. Why is that? The covenant of good faith and fair dealing, implied in every contract, requires that a party vested with discretion exercise it reasonably and not arbitrarily, capriciously or in a manner inconsistent with the reasonable expectations of the parties. The purpose of this duty is to ensure that parties do not take advantage of each other in a way that could not have been contemplated at the time the contract was drafted or do anything that would destroy the other party’s right to receive the benefit of the contract.

The City of Woodstock learned this lesson the hard way in a recent Illinois Appellate Court decision. Reserve at Woodstock, LLC v. City of Woodstock, decided in September 2011, involved a 10-acre piece of property annexed to the City of Woodstock pursuant to a 1993 annexation agreement. In addition to zoning the property as residential (for 20 lots) and binding the parties for 20 years, the agreement contained a provision that no change could be made to any ordinance, code or regulation during the term of the agreement that would affect the zoning classification or uses permitted on the property. However, the agreement also gave Woodstock the right to re-zone the property for agricultural uses or de-annex the property if it was not developed within five years of annexation (i.e., the development window). Ultimately, the property was not developed within the specified period.

Reserve at Woodstock purchased the property from the original owner in 2005 and requested approval of a 20-lot plat in 2006. Woodstock’s Plan Commission issued a report stating that the plat complied with both the annexation agreement and relevant city ordinances, and recommended approval of the plat. However, the Woodstock City Council denied approval despite the fact that Reserve had invested hundreds of thousands of dollars in connection with its efforts to get the plan approved, met all of the municipality’s demands for impact studies and other assurances, and presented evidence that the plat was fully compliant.

Reserve sued the City of Woodstock, which responded by rezoning the property as agricultural and taking certain other steps that caused the property to be de-annexed. Although Woodstock had the right to take such action under the annexation agreement, the court nonetheless held that city’s actions violated the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

What does this mean for you and your business? First, bear in mind that this implied covenant exists in every private contract, as well as those involving a municipality. And discretion is common in certain types of contracts, such as in contracts for the purchase and sale of goods. Thus, if you have an agreement that gives you the right to perform within certain parameters or limits, the covenant of good faith and fair dealing should guide how you exercise that right.

Ask yourself whether your decision will deprive the other party of their expectations under the contract, and think twice before acting. Relying on the contract language may not be enough, so it is wise to discuss the matter with legal counsel. When it comes to contracts, an ounce of prevention is always better than a pound of cure.

© 2012 Much Shelist, P.C.