On February 21, 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) issued updated interpretative guidance to assist public companies in preparing disclosures about cybersecurity risks and incidents. The updated guidance reinforces and expands upon the prior guidance on cybersecurity disclosures issued by the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance in October 2011. In addition to highlighting the disclosure requirements under the federal securities laws that public companies must pay particular attention to when considering their disclosure obligations with respect to cybersecurity risks and incidents, the updated guidance (1) emphasizes the importance of maintaining comprehensive policies and procedures related to cybersecurity risks and incidents, and (2) discusses the application of insider trading prohibitions and Regulation FD and selective disclosure prohibitions in the cybersecurity context. The guidance specifically notes that the SEC continues to monitor cybersecurity disclosures carefully through its filing review process.
Cybersecurity-Related Disclosures
Timely Disclosure of Material Nonpublic Information
In determining disclosure obligations regarding cybersecurity risks and incidents, companies should analyze the potential materiality of any identified risk and, in the case of incidents, the importance of any compromised information and the impact of the incident on the company’s operations. When assessing the materiality of cybersecurity risks or incidents, the SEC notes that the following factors, among others, should be considered:
- Nature, extent, and potential magnitude (particularly as it relates to any compromised information or the business and scope of company operations), and
- Range of possible harm, including harm to the company’s reputation, financial performance, customer and vendor relationships, and possible litigation or regulatory investigations (both foreign and domestic).
When companies become aware of a cybersecurity incident or risk that would be material to investors, the SEC expects companies to disclose such information in a timely manner and sufficiently prior to the offer and sale of securities. In addition, steps should be taken to prevent directors and officers (and other corporate insiders aware of such information) from trading in the company’s securities until investors have been appropriately informed about the incident or risk. Importantly, the SEC states that an ongoing internal or external investigation regarding a cybersecurity incident “would not on its own provide a basis for avoiding disclosure of a material cybersecurity incident.”
Risk Factors
In evaluating cybersecurity risk factor disclosure, the guidance encourages companies to consider the following:
- the occurrence of prior cybersecurity incidents, including severity and frequency;
- the probability of the occurrence and potential magnitude of cybersecurity incidents;
- the adequacy of preventative actions taken to reduce cybersecurity risks and the associated costs, including, if appropriate, discussing the limits of the company’s ability to prevent or mitigate certain cybersecurity risks;
- the aspects of the company’s business and operations that give rise to material cybersecurity risks and the potential costs and consequences of such risks, including industry-specific risks and third party supplier and service provider risks;
- the costs associated with maintaining cybersecurity protections, including, if applicable, insurance coverage relating to cybersecurity incidents or payments to service providers;
- the potential for reputational harm;
- existing or pending laws and regulations that may affect the requirements to which companies are subject relating to cybersecurity and the associated costs to companies; and
- litigation, regulatory investigation, and remediation costs associated with cybersecurity incidents.
The guidance also notes that effective communication of cybersecurity risks may require disclosure of previous or ongoing cybersecurity incidents, including incidents involving suppliers, customers, competitors and others.
MD&A of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The guidance reminds companies that MD&A disclosure of cybersecurity matters may be necessary if the costs or other consequences associated with such matters represent a material event, trend or uncertainty that is reasonably likely to have a material effect on the company’s operations, liquidity or financial condition or would cause reported financial information not to be necessarily indicative of future results. Among other matters, the cost of ongoing cybersecurity efforts (including enhancements to existing efforts), the costs and other consequences of cybersecurity incidents, and the risks of potential cybersecurity incidents could inform a company’s MD&A analysis. In addition to the immediate costs incurred in connection with a cybersecurity incident, companies should also consider costs associated with:
- loss of intellectual property;
- implementing preventative measures;
- maintaining insurance;
- responding to litigation and regulatory investigations;
- preparing for and complying with proposed or current legislation;
- remediation efforts; and
- addressing harm to reputation and the loss of competitive advantage.
The guidance further notes that the impact of cybersecurity incidents on each reportable segment should also be considered.
Business and Legal Proceedings
Companies are reminded that disclosure may be called for in the (1) Business section of a company’s SEC filings if cybersecurity incidents or risks materially affect a company’s products, services, relationships with customers or suppliers, or competitive conditions, and (2) Legal Proceedings section if a cybersecurity incident results in material litigation against the company.
Financial Statement Disclosures
The SEC expects that a company’s financial reporting and control systems would be designed to provide reasonable assurance that information about the range and magnitude of the financial impacts of a cybersecurity incident would be incorporated into its financial statements on a timely basis as the information becomes available. The guidance provides the following examples of ways that cybersecurity incidents and risks may impact a company’s financial statements:
- expenses related to investigation, breach notification, remediation and litigation, including the costs of legal and other professional services;
- loss of revenue, providing customers with incentives or a loss of customer relationship assets value;
- claims related to warranties, breach of contract, product recall/replacement, indemnification of counterparties, and insurance premium increases; and
- diminished future cash flows, impairment of intellectual, intangible or other assets; recognition of liabilities; or increased financing costs.
Board Risk Oversight
The securities laws require a company to disclose the extent of its board of directors’ role in the risk oversight of the company, including how the board administers its oversight function and the effect this has on the board’s leadership structure. To the extent cybersecurity risks are material to a company’s business, the disclosure should include the nature of the board’s role in overseeing management of that risk.
Cybersecurity-Related Policies and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The guidance encourages companies to adopt comprehensive policies and procedures related to cybersecurity and to regularly assess their compliance. Companies should evaluate whether they have sufficient disclosure controls and procedures in place to ensure that relevant information about cybersecurity risks and incidents is processed and reported to the appropriate personnel to enable senior management to make disclosure decisions and certifications and to facilitate policies and procedures designed to prohibit directors, officers, and other corporate insiders from trading on the basis of material nonpublic information about cybersecurity risks and incidents. Controls and procedures should enable companies to identify cybersecurity risks and incidents, assess and analyze their impact on a company’s business, evaluate the significance associated with such risks and incidents, provide for open communications between technical experts and disclosure advisors, and make timely disclosures regarding such risks and incidents.
The certifications and disclosures regarding the design and effectiveness of a company’s disclosure controls and procedures should take into account the adequacy of controls and procedures for identifying cybersecurity risks and incidents and for assessing and analyzing their impact. In addition, to the extent cybersecurity risks or incidents pose a risk to a company’s ability to record, process, summarize, and report information that is required to be disclosed in filings, management should consider whether there are deficiencies in disclosure controls and procedures that would render them ineffective.
Insider Trading
Companies and their directors, officers, and other corporate insiders should be mindful of compliance with insider trading laws in connection with information about cybersecurity risks and incidents, including vulnerabilities and breaches. The guidance urges companies to consider how their code of ethics and insider trading policies take into account and prevent trading on the basis of material nonpublic information related to cybersecurity risks and incidents. Specifically, the guidance suggests that as part of the overall investigation and assessment during significant cybersecurity incidents, companies should consider whether and when it may be appropriate to implement restrictions on insiders trading in their securities to avoid the appearance of improper trading during the period following a cybersecurity incident and prior to the dissemination of disclosure.
Regulation FD and Selective Disclosure
Companies are expected to have policies and procedures in place to ensure that any disclosures of material nonpublic information related to cybersecurity risks and incidents are not made selectively, and that any Regulation FD required public disclosure is made simultaneously (in the case of an intentional disclosure) or promptly (in the case of a non-intentional disclosure) and is otherwise compliant with the requirements of Regulation FD.
